{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T18:35:04Z","timestamp":1768242904401,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report the case of a 42-year-old, non-smoking male admitted with right upper-lobe pneumonia. Chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated findings consistent with an infectious process. For further evaluation, serial bronchoscopies with biopsy sampling were performed. Histopathological examination revealed moderate squamous dysplasia of the tracheal epithelium, and subsequent immunohistochemical testing detected human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype 45. This case underscores the value of integrating imaging, endoscopic assessment, and molecular diagnostic techniques in the evaluation of atypical pulmonary lesions and highlights the potential role of HPV infection in airway epithelial dysplastic changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:59:09Z","timestamp":1763027949000},"page":"2868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Papillomavirus Infection as a Rare Etiological Factor in Moderate Squamous Dysplasia of the Trachea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dana-Maria","family":"Avasilc\u0103i","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, \"Carol Davila\" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Arghir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, \"Carol Davila\" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6742-6334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ancu\u021ba-Alina","family":"Constantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, \"Carol Davila\" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Pneumology \u201cMarius Nasta\u201d, 050159 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000585","article-title":"Tracheal tumors","volume":"25","author":"Debiane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2018.03.04","article-title":"Overview of malignant tracheal tumors","volume":"7","author":"Madariaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.path.2016.10.003","article-title":"Laryngeal Dysplasia, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Variants","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Pathol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03534-13","article-title":"Human papillomavirus 45 genetic variation and cervical cancer risk worldwide","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.0736","article-title":"Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the trachea associated with human papillomavirus-18 infection","volume":"52","author":"Imai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Wu, Z., Li, S., Lv, Z., Wang, Y., Gao, M., and Pang, Y. (2024). A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. Is HPV infected by oral sex the causative agent?. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03420-5"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"61","article-title":"Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Trachea Associated with Human Papillomavirus-6 Infection","volume":"41","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Respir. Endosc."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/22\/2868\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T15:10:07Z","timestamp":1768230607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/22\/2868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15222868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15222868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}}}