{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T22:59:15Z","timestamp":1792364355513,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: A significantly higher fracture risk characterizes Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients when compared to the non-diabetic population, even though their average bone mineral density (BMD) tends to be normal or high. This elevated risk is primarily driven by defective bone quality. The trabecular bone score (TBS) and radiofrequency echographic multispectrometry (REMS) have recently been proposed to improve the assessment of bone quality in T2DM individuals. This study aimed to evaluate whether TBS and REMS can improve the identification of osteoporosis and fracture risk in these patients. Methods: BMD was measured in 223 consecutive T2DM patients (126 women and 97 man) and 102 controls. BMD values for the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) were obtained via both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and radiofrequency echographic multi-spectrometry (REMS). In all patients, TBS and Fragility Score (FS) by REMS were measured and prior major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) were assessed. Results: All BMD T-scores measured by REMS were significantly lower than those obtained by DXA at both lumbar and femoral sites. T2DM patients with previous MOF exhibited lower T-scores for both BMD-LS and BMD-TH, as assessed by DXA and REMS, compared with patients without fractures. However, these differences reached statistical significance for BMD-TH with both techniques and for BMD-LS with REMS, but not for BMD-LS with DXA. Moreover, patients with a history of MOF had significantly lower TBS values (p &lt; 0.05) and significantly higher FS values at both lumbar (p &lt; 0.05) and femoral (p &lt; 0.01) sites compared with those without fractures. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the parameters obtained using REMS technology (BMD and FS) may be valuable tools for improving the diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessing fracture risk in patients with T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T09:06:36Z","timestamp":1763111196000},"page":"2877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Utility of REMS-Derived Fragility Score and Trabecular Bone Score in Evaluating Bone Health in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Al Refaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine I, San Giuseppe Hospital, 50053 Empoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Mondillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Cavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Gonnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Dea","family":"Tomai Pitinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Pisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 37100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Gennari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Gonnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-7289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Caffarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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