{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:53:33Z","timestamp":1763729613812,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent primary malignancy of the liver, is commonly treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), a locoregional therapy that combines targeted intra-arterial chemotherapy with selective embolization to induce tumor ischemia and necrosis. However, current methods for monitoring the treatment response\u2014such as the RECIST and mRECIST\u2014often fail to detect early or subtle biological changes, such as tumor necrosis or microstructural remodeling, and therefore may underestimate the therapeutic effects, especially in cases with minimal or delayed tumor shrinkage. Thus, there is a critical need for quantitative imaging strategies that can improve early response assessment and guide more personalized treatment decision-making. The goal of this study was to assess the changes in computed tomography (CT) perfusion parameters and radiomic features in HCC before and after TACE and to evaluate the associations of these parameters\/features with the tumor burden. Methods: In this retrospective, single-center study, 32 patients with histologically confirmed HCC underwent CT perfusion and radiomic analysis prior to and following TACE. Multiple quantitative perfusion parameters (arterial flow, perfusion flow, perfusion index) and radiomic features were extracted. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman\u2019s correlation. Radiomic feature extraction was performed in strict adherence to the Image Biomarker Standardization Initiative (IBSI) guidelines. Preprocessing steps included voxel resampling (1 \u00d7 1 \u00d7 1 mm), z-score normalization, and fixed bin-width discretization (bin width = 25). All tumor ROIs were manually segmented in consensus by two experienced radiologists to minimize inter-observer variability. Results: Arterial flow significantly decreased from a median of 56.5 to 47.7 mL\/100 mL\/min after TACE (p = 0.009), while nonsignificant increases in the perfusion flow (from 101.3 to 107.8 mL\/100 mL\/min, p = 0.44) and decreases in the perfusion index (from 38.6% to 35.7%, p = 0.25) were also observed. Perfusion flow was strongly and positively correlated with tumor size (\u03c1 = 0.94, p &lt; 0.001). Five radiomic texture feature values\u2014especially those of ShortRunHighGrayLevelEmphasis (\u0394 = +2.11, p = 0.0001) and LargeAreaHighGrayLevelEmphasis (\u0394 = +75,706, p = 0.0006)\u2014changed significantly after treatment. These radiomic feature value changes were more pronounced in tumors \u226550 mm in diameter. In addition, we performed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the two most discriminative radiomic features (SRHGLE and LAHGLE). We further developed a multivariable logistic regression model that achieved an AUC of 0.87, supporting the potential of these features as predictive biomarkers. Conclusions: CT perfusion and radiomics offer complementary insights into the treatment response of patients with HCC. While perfusion parameters reflect macroscopic vascular changes and are correlated with tumor burden, radiomic features can indicate microstructural changes after TACE. This combined imaging approach may improve early therapeutic assessment and support precision oncology strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15232952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:41:58Z","timestamp":1763728918000},"page":"2952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative CT Perfusion and Radiomics Reveal Complementary Markers of Treatment Response in HCC Patients Undergoing TACE"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Fezoulidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hanusch-Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Medical University of Vienna, 1140 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Slavicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hanusch-Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Medical University of Vienna, 1140 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8171-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian-Niklas","family":"Nonninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hanusch-Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Medical University of Vienna, 1140 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6571-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Hergan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0177-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahin","family":"Zandieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hanusch-Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Medical University of Vienna, 1140 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) (2024). 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