{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T21:18:17Z","timestamp":1784236697815,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The integration of 3D bioprinting, biomaterials science, and cellular biology presents a viable strategy for maxillofacial bone regeneration, overcoming the constraints of traditional graft techniques. This review offers a thorough examination of the present condition, obstacles, uses, and future outlook of 3D bioprinting technology in maxillofacial bone regeneration. An essential understanding has been attained by analyzing the technological constraints, specifically in vascularization and neuro-integration, and by delineating the vital translational pathway from benchtop models to clinical application. We have examined several bioprinting techniques\u2014namely extrusion, inkjet, and laser-assisted methods\u2014and the requisite bioinks, emphasizing their physicochemical and biological features vital for osteogenesis. Significant clinical applications, including the treatment of trauma-induced abnormalities and the reconstruction of oncology-related resections, have been emphasized. This review highlights the urgent necessity for established regulatory frameworks and refined printing settings to guarantee effective, functional, and durable bone substitutes, providing a distinct pathway for future research and clinical implementation in this specialized surgical domain. Aim: The purpose of this review was to present a general overview of the current clinical and diagnostic applications of bioprinting in bone tissue engineering for the reconstruction of bone defects. Methods: A search of major scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, and Cochrane, was conducted. Articles published within the last 10 years that analyze the possible applications of bioprinting in bone tissue fabrication were included. Results: Several bioinks, based on hydrogels and stem cells, can enable the fabrication of such tissues using this technology. This review reports on the processes adopted for the bioprinting of bone tissue, the bioinks used, and cell cultivation methods. Conclusions: Bioprinting represents a promising solution for bone regeneration with potential applications that could revolutionize current surgical practices, despite the many challenges that future research will face.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15232978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1763979857000},"page":"2978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Possible Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Bioprinting for Bone Regeneration in Maxillofacial Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Marini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Head-Neck and NeuroScience Department, University Hospital of Udine, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8395-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Head-Neck and NeuroScience Department, University Hospital of Udine, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zeppieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6691-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Michelutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Head-Neck and NeuroScience Department, University Hospital of Udine, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Robiony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Head-Neck and NeuroScience Department, University Hospital of Udine, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Gagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, Piazza dell\u2019 Universit\u00e0, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Center \u201cG.B. 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Rodolico, Via Santa Sofia, 95121 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3741-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Ius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieme","family":"Khouyyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958","article-title":"3D Bioprinting of Tissues and Organs","volume":"32","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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