{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:52:28Z","timestamp":1791931948452,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound is the primary, non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating renal anatomy and function in both acute and chronic settings. Familiarity with normal kidney morphology, cortical and parenchymal thickness, echogenicity, and Doppler parameters is essential for differentiating normal findings from early manifestations of disease. This review summarizes established reference ranges and anatomical variants from the 1950s to 2025, highlighting differences related to age, sex, body habitus, and ethnicity. Practical emphasis is placed on the interpretation of renal size, cortical thickness, echogenicity, and resistive indices in clinical scenarios such as chronic kidney disease, renovascular hypertension, acute obstruction, and renal transplantation. By integrating sonographic measurements with clinical and laboratory findings, clinicians can achieve timely diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and guide therapeutic decisions while minimizing the need for invasive or radiation-based imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15243208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:15:08Z","timestamp":1765811708000},"page":"3208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sonographic Anatomy and Normal Measurements of the Human Kidneys: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Madhvi","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saubhagya","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjiri","family":"Dighe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9492-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department I\/Gastroenterology, SANA Hospital Lichtenberg, 10365 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Jenssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus M\u00e4rkisch Oderland, 15344 Strausberg, Germany"},{"name":"Brandenburg Institute for Clinical Ultrasound (BICUS), Brandenburg Medical University, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph Frank","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department General Internal Medicine (DAIM), Hospitals Hirslanden Bern Beau Site, Salem and Permanence, Sch\u00e4nzlihalde 11, 3013 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.032","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound in the practice of nephrology","volume":"93","author":"Niyyar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2009.07.001","article-title":"Application of ultrasound in nephrology practice","volume":"16","author":"Gosmanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. 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