{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:01:43Z","timestamp":1784228503509,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Orthodontic tooth movement is a biological process involving coordinated bone resorption and formation in response to mechanical stimulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal changes in C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva during fixed orthodontic treatment, as well as to assess the relationships among these biomarkers. Methods: The study included a total of 27 systemically and periodontally healthy individuals comprising 14 males and 13 females. Clinical periodontal parameters were assessed at three time points: before treatment (T0), at 24\u201348 h (T1), and on day 40 (T2). GCF and saliva samples were collected at the same time points. Levels of CTX, PINP and VDBP in GCF and saliva were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were analyzed using both parametric and non-parametric statistical tests. Temporal changes across the three time points were evaluated using mixed-effects models, differences between GCF and saliva biomarker levels were assessed using paired tests, and correlations were examined using Spearman correlation analysis. Results: GCF and salivary CTX levels demonstrated a significant increase from T0 to T1, while PINP levels exhibited a substantial rise from T1 to T2 (p &lt; 0.001). Levels of VDBP in both GCF and saliva did not demonstrate significant temporal changes (p &gt; 0.05). Higher VDBP levels in both fluids were found to be negatively associated with increases in CTX and positively associated with increases in PINP (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, salivary CTX and VDBP levels exhibited a consistent increase compared to those measured in GCF at all time points (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Fixed orthodontic forces elicit sequential resorptive and formative responses in both GCF and saliva. The potential of VDBP to function as a local modulator is indicated, with the capacity to influence the balance between osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity. The evaluation of these biomarkers in non-invasive biological samples may offer a valuable approach for monitoring bone metabolism throughout orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T11:43:31Z","timestamp":1766403811000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of CTX, PINP, and Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Batuhan","family":"Bay\u0131rl\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Yurdakurban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmetcan","family":"Uytun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7018-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulden Canta\u015f","family":"T\u00fcrki\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6416-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ercan","family":"Saruhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2015.06.006","article-title":"Behind the scenes of vitamin D binding protein: More than vitamin D binding","volume":"29","author":"Delanghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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