{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:36:04Z","timestamp":1789778164843,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 114-2410-H-002-068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2410-H-002-068"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hospital-at-home (HaH) model delivers hospital-level care to patients in their homes, with point-of-care ultrasonography (PoCUS) serving as a cornerstone diagnostic tool for respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia. This review\u2014the third in a series\u2014addresses the prognostic, synchronous, and potential overdiagnostic concerns of lung ultrasound (LUS) in managing pneumonia within HaH settings. LUS offers advantages of safety and repeatability, allowing clinicians to identify \u201cred flag\u201d sonographic findings that signal complicated or severe disease, including pleural line abnormalities, fluid bronchograms, absent Doppler perfusion, or poor diaphragmatic motion. Serial LUS examinations correlate closely with clinical recovery, showing progressive resolution of consolidations, B-lines, and pleural effusions, and thus provide a non-invasive method for monitoring therapeutic response. Compared with chest radiography, LUS demonstrates superior sensitivity in detecting pneumonia, pleural effusion, and interstitial syndromes across pediatric and adult populations. However, specificity may decline in tuberculosis-endemic or obese populations due to technical limitations and overlapping imaging patterns. Overdiagnosis remains a concern, as highly sensitive ultrasonography may identify minor or clinically irrelevant lesions, potentially leading to overtreatment. To mitigate this, PoCUS should be applied in parallel with conventional diagnostics and integrated into comprehensive clinical assessment. Standardized training, multi-zone scanning protocols, and structured image acquisition are recommended to improve reproducibility and inter-operator consistency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16020192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:46:43Z","timestamp":1767786403000},"page":"192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ten Questions on Using Lung Ultrasonography to Diagnose and Manage Pneumonia in Hospital-at-Home Model: Part III\u2014Synchronicity and Foresight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4997-1081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nin-Chieh","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxing Branch, Taipei 103212, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwan Association of Hospital Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4350-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwan Association of Hospital Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0689-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Bin","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxing Branch, Taipei 103212, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwan Association of Hospital Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5645-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8832-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hao","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.141","article-title":"Intravenous antimicrobial therapy in the hospital-at-home setting: Data from the Spanish Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Registry","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Goor, H.M.R., de Hond, T.A.P., van Loon, K., Breteler, M.J.M., Kalkman, C.J., and Kaasjager, K.A.H. 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