{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T23:22:40Z","timestamp":1768605760393,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation\u2014Daxing Innovation Joint Fund","award":["L256080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L256080"]}]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Youth Category-D Program","award":["UHB12728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UHB12728"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patient-based real-time quality control (PBRTQC) enables continuous analytical monitoring using routine patient results; however, the performance of classical statistical process control (SPC) algorithms varies across analytes, and standardized evaluation and optimization strategies remain limited. To address this gap, this study compared three SPC algorithms\u2014moving average (MA), moving quantile (MQ), and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA)\u2014within a unified preprocessing framework and proposed a composite performance metric for parameter optimization. Methods: Routine patient results from six laboratory analytes were analyzed using a standardized \u201ctransform\u2013truncate\u2013alarm\u201d PBRTQC workflow. Simulated systematic biases were introduced for model training, and algorithm-specific parameters were optimized using a composite metric integrating sensitivity, false-positive rate (FPR), and detection delay. Performance was subsequently evaluated on an independent validation dataset. Results: For most analytes, all three SPC algorithms demonstrated robust PBRTQC performance, achieving high sensitivity (generally \u22650.85), very low false-positive rates (&lt;0.002), and rapid detection of systematic bias. EWMA showed more balanced performance for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), with improved sensitivity and shorter detection delay compared with MA and MQ. The proposed composite metric effectively facilitated clinically meaningful parameter optimization across algorithms. Conclusions: Under a unified preprocessing framework, classical SPC algorithms provided reliable PBRTQC performance across multiple analytes, with EWMA offering advantages for more variable measurements. The proposed composite metric supports standardized, practical, and analyte-adaptive PBRTQC implementation in clinical laboratories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16020288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1768563577000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison\u00a0of EWMA, MA, and MQ Under a Unified PBRTQC Framework for Thyroid and Coagulation Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Banjiu","family":"Zhaxi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaochao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-1024","article-title":"Recommendation for performance verification of patient-based real-time quality control","volume":"58","author":"Loh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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