{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:08:42Z","timestamp":1789610922953,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder, with only a few hundred affected individuals worldwide. Since its initial recognition in the 1980s, only a limited number of studies have described its ocular manifestations. The aim of this review was to summarize and organize the available published evidence regarding ocular findings in LCHADD and their classification. A PubMed search was conducted for studies describing ocular findings associated with LCHADD, using combinations of the following keywords: LCHADD, chorioretinopathy, ocular findings, vision, therapy, and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. The review included studies published within the past 20 years that reported at least six cases. The search identified 11 eligible studies. Findings were grouped into three categories: LCHADD-associated chorioretinopathy, macular neovascularization (MNV), and the effects of dietary therapy on visual function. Chorioretinopathy emerged as the major pathognomonic ocular feature of LCHADD. MNV was reported in approximately 20% of eyes, often bilaterally but not simultaneously. Progressive myopia was observed in most patients. Newborn screening and early initiation of dietary therapy appear critical and may slow the progression of chorioretinopathy. A strong correlation between patient age and chorioretinopathy severity was consistently demonstrated, and visual deterioration occurred even in individuals with good metabolic control. LCHADD is a life- and vision-threatening disorder characterized by a distinctive chorioretinopathy present in nearly all patients. Early detection through newborn screening and regular ophthalmic follow-up is essential for the optimal management of affected individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16020295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:27:53Z","timestamp":1768570073000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Chain\u00a03-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (LCHADD)-Associated Ocular Pathology\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2890-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Hubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, 84-200 Wejherowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2901-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Gaw\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, 84-200 Wejherowo, Poland"},{"name":"Dobry Wzrok Ophthalmological Center, 80-392 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Outcome of Patients with Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein\/Long-Chain 3-Hydroxy Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency","volume":"31","author":"Viau","year":"2017","journal-title":"JIMD Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01089.x","article-title":"Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency","volume":"88","author":"Tyni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000141967.52759.83","article-title":"Mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation in the human eye and brain: Implications for the retinopathy of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency","volume":"56","author":"Tyni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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