{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:13:03Z","timestamp":1791519183714,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Bitewing radiographs are widely used for evaluating dental caries, restorations, and periodontal status due to their low radiation dose and high image quality. While artificial intelligence\u2013based studies are common for other dental imaging modalities, multi-class diagnostic charting on bitewing radiographs remains limited. This study aimed to simultaneously detect eight periodontal and restorative parameters using a YOLOv8x-seg\u2013based deep learning model and to assess its diagnostic performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 1197 digital bitewing radiographs were retrospectively analyzed and annotated by experts, resulting in 7860 labels across eight conditions. Periodontal conditions included alveolar bone loss, dental calculus, and furcation defects, while restorative and dental conditions comprised caries, cervical marginal gaps, open contacts, overhanging fillings, and secondary caries. The dataset was divided on a patient basis into training (80%), validation (10%), and test (10%) sets. The YOLOv8x-seg model was trained for 800 epochs with extensive data augmentation, and performance was evaluated using precision, recall, and F1-score, along with confusion matrices. Results: The model showed the highest accuracy in the alveolar bone loss class (precision: 0.84, recall: 0.93, F1: 0.88). While moderate performance was achieved for dental calculus (F1: 0.58) and caries (F1: 0.57) detection, lower scores were recorded in low-frequency classes such as cervical marginal gap (F1: 0.23), secondary caries (F1: 0.29), overhanging filling (F1: 0.35), furcation defect (F1: 0.40), and open contact (F1: 0.41). The overall segmentation performance achieved an mAP@0.5 of 0.30 and an mAP@0.5:0.95 of 0.10, indicating an acceptable performance level for segmentation-based multi-class models. Conclusions: The obtained findings demonstrate that the YOLOv8x-seg architecture can detect and segment periodontal conditions with high success and restorative parameters with moderate success in automation processes in bitewing radiographs. Accordingly, the model presents a methodologically feasible framework for the multiple and simultaneous radiographic evaluation of periodontal and restorative findings on bitewing radiographs, with performance varying across classes and lower sensitivity observed in low-frequency conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16020322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:35:27Z","timestamp":1768822527000},"page":"322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Segmentation-Based Multi-Class Detection and Radiographic Charting of Periodontal and Restorative Conditions on Bitewing Radiographs Using Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Batuhan","family":"Bay\u0131rl\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9152-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buse","family":"Kesgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmetcan","family":"Uytun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mugla S\u0131tk\u0131 Kocman University, 48000 Mugla, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9677-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alican","family":"Kuran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2015-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesude","family":"\u00c7itir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokat Gaziosmanpa\u015fa University, 60250 Tokat, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammet Burak","family":"Yavuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eski\u015fehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eski\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevda Kurt","family":"Bayrakdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eski\u015fehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eski\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zer","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eski\u015fehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eski\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130brahim \u015eevki","family":"Bayrakdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eski\u015fehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eski\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.126629","article-title":"A review of deep learning in dentistry","volume":"554","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13470","article-title":"Evaluation of caries detection on bitewing radiographs: A comparative analysis of the improved deep learning model and dentist performance","volume":"37","author":"Ayhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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