{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:59:36Z","timestamp":1792789176620,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016257","name":"Inha University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INHAUH 2022-08-022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INHAUH 2022-08-022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VUNO Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ward patients who experience clinical deterioration are at high risk of mortality. Conventional rapid response systems (RRS) using track-and-trigger protocols have not consistently demonstrated improved outcomes. This study evaluated the impact of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based cardiac arrest prediction model. Methods: This 1-year, prospective, non-randomized interventional trial assigned hospitalized patients with AI-based software as a medical device (AI-SaMD) high-risk alerts to groups based on their subsequent clinical response; those reassessed or treated within 24 h comprised the AI-SaMD-guided cohort, while the remainder formed the usual care cohort. Alerts prompted an optional but not mandatory treatment review. The primary outcome was ward-based cardiac arrest; the secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Multivariable regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounders. Results: Of 35,627 general ward admissions, 2906 triggered an AI-SaMD alert. Among these, 1409 (48.4%) were allocated to the AI-SaMD-guided cohort. The incidence of cardiac arrest significantly decreased from 2.07% to 1.06% (adjusted risk ratio (RR), 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20\u20130.88; p &lt; 0.01). In-hospital mortality also significantly declined (adjusted RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.32\u20130.98; p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: AI-SaMD-guided alerts were associated with reductions in cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality without requiring additional resources, supporting their integration into current clinical workflows to improve patient safety and optimize RRS performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16020335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:57:58Z","timestamp":1768921078000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clinical Effectiveness of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Prediction Model for Cardiac Arrest in General Ward-Admitted Patients: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mi Hwa","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9782-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mincheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"VUNO, Seoul 06541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4533-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man-Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ah Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3564-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Jae","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VUNO, Seoul 06541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhui","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Support Part, Department of Hospital Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaehun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4569-6326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mineok","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMS Bioscience, Seoul 06241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8239-8977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongjoon","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6603-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1696","article-title":"In-hospital cardiac arrest: A review","volume":"321","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010491","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.123.010491","article-title":"Ten steps toward improving in-hospital cardiac arrest quality of care and outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Nallamothu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. 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