{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T02:20:08Z","timestamp":1769048408787,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study seeks to evaluate the clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed male breast cancers within the traditionally underserved Bronx population at risk for poorer health outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively searched our database for male patients who presented for mammographic evaluation between 1 January 2016 and 1 October 2024. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of biopsy-proven male breast cancer and its association with gynecomastia and TNM stage at diagnosis. Clinical data, including TNM staging, receptor status, risk factors, and patient demographics, were recorded for patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer based on biopsy results. Two dedicated breast imagers retrospectively evaluated mammograms of these patients to determine by consensus the presence of gynecomastia. Analyses were descriptive in nature. Results: During the study period, 423 screening mammograms and 1775 diagnostic mammograms were performed on male patients. Twenty-six male patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer were identified (two were bilateral and four were multifocal). In total, 69% of our male breast cancer patients (18 out of 26) demonstrated gynecomastia, which was similar across demographic groups, ranging from 63 to 75%. Out of the three patients with Stage 4 disease, two were Black and one was White. Stage 3 or higher disease was seen in 29% of our Black patients, 12% of our White patients, and 0% of our Hispanic patients. Conclusions: Male breast cancer in this Bronx population was frequently associated with gynecomastia and showed notable demographic disparities. Black patients presented with more advanced disease than other demographic groups. These descriptive findings highlight areas of further investigation and may help inform future outreach and early detection efforts in high-risk, underserved communities. This retrospective, single-institution analysis was limited by a small sample size and did not include formal statistical testing; therefore, the findings are descriptive and warrant validation with larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16020339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:11:17Z","timestamp":1768993877000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Male Breast Cancer in a Bronx Urban Population: A Single-Institution Retrospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kristen","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhakti","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7862-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian L.","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takouhie","family":"Maldjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkz091","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkz091","article-title":"Subtype-Specific Breast Cancer Incidence Rates in Black Versus White Men in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Sung","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbac095","article-title":"Breast Cancer Screening in Men","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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Radiol., 18, S502\u2013S515.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2021.09.005"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.2803","article-title":"Overall Mortality After Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Men vs Women","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/2\/339\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:28:50Z","timestamp":1768994930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/2\/339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16020339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16020339","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}}}