{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:40:31Z","timestamp":1789000831939,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of ultrasound (US) images represents a novel advancement that has been extensively explored over the past three decades. This technique enables endoscopists to perform more detailed and enhanced visualizations of anatomical structures, which is not feasible using traditional ultrasound methods. The reconstructed images also facilitate navigation during endoscopy-guided procedures, such as fine-needle aspiration. Furthermore, augmented reality (AR) algorithms can overlay the reconstructed images with real-time anatomical images, thereby enhancing clinician performance during these procedures. Current evidence suggests that 3D ultrasound reconstruction has already been widely implemented in various clinical imaging studies. However, its application for generating procedural guidance and augmented reality overlays remains in the early research stages and has not yet achieved widespread adoption. Existing pre-clinical evidence suggests that 3D reconstruction has significant potential to enhance clinician performance in various ultrasound-guided procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16020366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1769190758000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Navigation Systems in Endoscopic Ultrasound Procedures: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5087-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyad","family":"Gadour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiorgan Transplant Centre of Excellence, Liver Transplantation Unit, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32252, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11113, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Miutescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Adanced Regional Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodour","family":"Raheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, King Salman Medical City, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 42319, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abed","family":"Al-Lehibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 1223, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alfadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 1223, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Ghiuchici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Adanced Regional Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Facciorusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Tridimensional (3D) Endoscopic Ultrasound\u2014A Pictorial Review","volume":"18","author":"Saftoiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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