{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T21:26:31Z","timestamp":1789248391884,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiovascular implications in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are common and varied, including impacts on the pericardium, myocardium, valves, coronary arteries, and conduction system; all of these could be potential substrates or triggers of cardiac arrhythmias by interfering with disease severity and specific medication. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to assess the cardiac involvement in SLE underlying, mainly, cardiac arrhythmias. Methods: We analyzed studies, published between 2015 and 2025 on PubMed, which explore cardiovascular involvement with a focus on arrhythmias in SLE from the perspectives of epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, and the impact of standard and biologic therapies. Results: The cardiac manifestation of LES (lupus pericarditis, lupus myocarditis, Libman\u2013Sacks endocarditis, coronary artery disease, coronary vasculitis or myocardial fibrosis) represents a substrate for arrhythmia risk. These substrates, in association with other arrhythmias mechanisms considered as triggers or conduction abnormalities, determined arrhythmogenic conditions in these patients. In addition to structural heart disease, arrhythmias in SLE are caused by ongoing inflammation, immune system irregularities, microvascular problems, autonomic imbalance, oxidative stress, and side effects from treatments. Despite this complex background, arrhythmias are often overlooked and not routinely investigated in SLE care. Data that show how disease-modifying drugs may affect arrhythmias are limited and inconsistent, highlighting significant gaps in knowledge. Cardiac arrhythmias are a significant but, as yet, insufficiently underrecognized aspect of SLE, with serious implications for prognosis. Conclusions: Systemic lupus erythematosus causes cardiovascular involvement that is associated with arrhythmias through various and complexes mechanisms, mainly related to direct cardiovascular structural damage, systemic inflammation or specific therapies. Data on arrhythmias secondary to cardiovascular damage in patients with SLE in the literature are limited. Therefore, early detection of electrical issues, regular cardiovascular evaluation in high-risk patients, and careful management of treatment effects are vital. A coordinated, multidisciplinary cardio-rheumatology approach is essential to improving arrhythmia detection, tailoring treatments, and ultimately decreasing cardiovascular complications and deaths in SLE patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16030372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1769190758000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cardiovascular Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Focus on Arrhythmias"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Monica Claudia","family":"Dobos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences II, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinic Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8097-2573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Ungurean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences II, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinic Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Elena","family":"Costan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences II, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinic Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8395-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Russu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences II, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinic Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Ouatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences I, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sf. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5066-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Cristina","family":"Morariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences I, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sf. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Florinel","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences I, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sf. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Mihaela","family":"Godun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences I, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sf. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana-Elena","family":"Floria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences I, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sf. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragos Traian","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences I, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genoveva Livia","family":"Baroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silviu Marcel","family":"Stanciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Knieling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Maria","family":"Tanase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences I, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sf. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Codrina","family":"Ancuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences II, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinic Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Floria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences I, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sf. Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13557","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"293","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1240-1","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Resting Electrocardiogram Abnormalities among Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients without Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"19","author":"Harvey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035611","article-title":"Premature Coronary-Artery Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"349","author":"Asanuma","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e57842","article-title":"Cardiovascular Morbidity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Single-Center Retrospective Study","volume":"16","author":"Alammari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawi, J., Affa, S., Misakyan, Y., Fardeheb, S., Kades, S., Kiriaki, A., Mohan, A.S., Norris, B., Yoon, S., and Venketaraman, V. (2024). Exploring Cardiovascular Implications in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Holistic Analysis of Complications, Diagnostic Criteria, and Therapeutic Modalities, Encompassing Pharmacological and Adjuvant Approaches. Biomol. Concepts, 15.","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2022-0051"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2461610","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.61610","article-title":"Incidence and Factors Associated with Recurrent Pericarditis in Lupus","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23247096221077832","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096221077832","article-title":"Acute Pericarditis Leading to a Diagnosis of SLE: A Case Series of 3 Patients","volume":"10","author":"Narang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buleu, F., Sirbu, E., Caraba, A., and Dragan, S. (2019). Heart Involvement in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55060249"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320974091","article-title":"Sinus Node Disfunction in an Adolescent with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"30","author":"Rebelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac409","article-title":"Lupus Myocarditis: Review of Current Diagnostic Modalities and Their Application in Clinical Practice","volume":"62","author":"Karamchand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_716_20","article-title":"Lupus Myocarditis-A Rare Case","volume":"9","author":"Mohanty","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae376","article-title":"Distinctive Clinical Traits of Lupus-Related Myocarditis: A Multicentre Retrospective Study","volume":"64","author":"Ramirez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01406-z","article-title":"Impact of Antiphospholipid Antibodies on Cardiac Valve Lesions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320936748","article-title":"Myocardial Injury in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus According to Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Tissue Characterization: Clinical and Echocardiographic Features","volume":"29","author":"Herbst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3971-4","article-title":"Lupus Myocarditis Receiving the Rituximab Therapy\u2014A Monocentric Retrospective Study","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"269","article-title":"An Update on Cardiovascular Disorders in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"34","author":"Bednarek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e21698","article-title":"A Review of Cardiac Manifestations in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome with Focus on Endocarditis","volume":"14","author":"Tayem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e39284","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Nor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e949826","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.949826","article-title":"Left Ventricle Libman-Sacks Endocarditis Secondary to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case Report","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033241243179","article-title":"The Impact of Libman-Sacks Endocarditis on Inpatient Outcomes with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Retrospective Study","volume":"33","author":"Alfatlawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae294","article-title":"Association of Ankylosing Spondylitis with the Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"64","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000358","article-title":"Cardiac Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematous: An Overview of the Incidence, Risk Factors, Diagnostic Criteria, Pathophysiology and Treatment Options","volume":"30","author":"Ward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e33449","article-title":"Coronary Artery Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: What Do the Facts Say?","volume":"15","author":"Baeza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"21","article-title":"Accelerated Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Quintana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000448","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2020-000448","article-title":"Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Tools as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Sivakumaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e139","article-title":"Anti-Sm Antibody, Damage Index, and Corticosteroid Use Are Associated with Cardiac Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Data from a Prospective Registry Study","volume":"35","author":"Choe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.02.029","article-title":"Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"77","author":"Yafasova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12787","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012787","article-title":"Slicc Damage Index Score in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and Its Associated Factors","volume":"97","author":"Ghazali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giollo, A., Vinco, G., Cioffi, G., Frizzera, F., Quinternetto, A., Bergamini, C., Dal Porto, M., Orsolini, G., Zen, M., and Doria, A. (2022). Subclinical Myocardial Fibrosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus as Assessed by Pulse-Cancellation Echocardiography: A Pilot Study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164788"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-023-02970-3","article-title":"Myocardial Fibrosis Associates with Lupus Anticoagulant in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Myhr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.12.033","article-title":"Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Forte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01162-0","article-title":"Integrated Bioinformatics and Validation Reveal TMEM45A in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Regulating Atrial Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0440-9","article-title":"Vasculitis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"171","article-title":"Unstable Angina Secondary to Left Main Coronary Artery Vasculitis as a Rare Initial Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. A Case Report","volume":"5","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Peru Cardiol. Cir. Cardiovasc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone, P., Prete, M., Malerba, E., Bray, A., Susca, N., Ingravallo, G., and Racanelli, V. (2021). Lupus Vasculitis: An Overview. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111626"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203305lu2200oa","article-title":"Cardiac Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Doria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Case Report of Heart Transplant for Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy from Lupus Coronary Vasculitis","volume":"3","author":"Nandkeolyar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14403","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Increases Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2020.43","article-title":"Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances in Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders","volume":"10","author":"Plastiras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, S., and Siva, C. (2024). Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation and Related Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Analysis of United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database 2016\u20132019. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061675"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318770526","article-title":"Severe Brady-Arrhythmias in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence, Etiology and Associated Factors","volume":"27","author":"Tselios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2174\/1574887113666180418110721","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Ciconte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Recent Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2663","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Arrhythmias","volume":"42","author":"Armbruster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42444-024-00110-z","article-title":"Inflammation and Arrhythmogenesis: A Narrative Review of the Complex Relationship","volume":"25","author":"Taghdiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Arrhythmia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-023-00342-1","article-title":"Dysregulated Endothelial Cell Markers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Bergkamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reumae.2025.501816","article-title":"Role of the Anti-RO\/SSA Antibody in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"21","author":"Barrera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reumatol. Cl\u00edn. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2020.406","article-title":"QT Interval Parameters, Anti-Ro Antibody Status, and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"50","author":"Azharudeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22370","article-title":"Electrocardiographic Findings in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Data from an International Inception Cohort","volume":"67","author":"Urowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033211027928","article-title":"Usefulness of Cardiac Screening in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Anti-Ro\/SSA Antibodies","volume":"30","author":"Villuendas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10760296221088576","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296221088576","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of The Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Perspective from the Blood Coagulation System","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy, N., Papp, G., G\u00e1sp\u00e1r-Kiss, E., Di\u00f3szegi, \u00c1., and Tarr, T. (2023). Changes in Clinical Manifestations and Course of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Secondary Antiphospholipid Syndrome over Three Decades. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041218"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17617","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17617","article-title":"The Association between Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Atrial Fibrillation: A Single Center Retrospective Case-Control Study","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103428","article-title":"What Is the Best Instrument to Measure Disease Activity in SLE?\u2014SLE-DAS vs. Easy BILAG","volume":"23","author":"Fredi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/190257","article-title":"Usefulness in Daily Practice of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 Scale and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Score Index for Assessing the Activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Suszek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Zhao, C., Chen, J., Xu, L., Yu, X., Guo, X., Lin, Z., Xie, X., Zhou, B., and Liu, Y. (2025). Association Between Disease Activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Resting Electrocardiogram Abnormalities. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061799"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000168","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2016-000168","article-title":"ECG Non-Specific ST-T and QTc Abnormalities in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Compared with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"3","author":"Gartshteyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injr.2015.03.010","article-title":"Correlation of QT Interval with Disease Activity in Newly Detected SLE Patients at Baseline and during Flare","volume":"10","author":"Sham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosonuma, M., Yajima, N., Takahashi, R., Yanai, R., Matsuyama, T.-A., Toyosaki, E., Saito, J., Kusano, K., and Morita, H. (2020). Fragmented QRS Complex in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus at the Time of Diagnosis and Its Relationship with Disease Activity. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227022"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1101448","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Review of Synthetic Drugs","volume":"16","author":"Bultink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1269168","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)","volume":"16","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14118","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14118","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and Maintenance Immunosuppression Use in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Analysis of Linked US Registry and Claims Data","volume":"34","author":"Lentine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24494","article-title":"Association of Hydroxychloroquine Use with Decreased Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"73","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac245","article-title":"Whole Blood Drug Levels Do Not Correlate with QTc Intervals in Hydroxychloroquine-Treated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients","volume":"62","author":"Belmont","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2021.1879368","article-title":"QTc Interval Prolongation in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treated with Hydroxychloroquine","volume":"31","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa862","article-title":"Comparative Risks of Cardiovascular Disease Events among SLE Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Medications","volume":"60","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0705","article-title":"Cardiac Arrhythmias in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"84","author":"Balsam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ungurean, V., Costan, D.E., Dobos, M.C., Ouatu, A., Morariu, P.C., Oancea, A.F., Godun, M.M., Floria, D.-E., Marcu, D.T., and Baroi, G.L. (2025). Arrhythmias in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Call for a Multidisciplinary Team. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202508.0466.v1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costan, D.E., Ungurean, V., Dobos, M.C., Ouatu, A., Morariu, P.C., Oancea, A.F., Godun, M.M., Floria, D.-E., Marcu, D.T., and Baroi, G.L. (2025). Arrhythmias in Systemic Sclerosis: A Call for Interdisciplinarity Teams. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.1373.v1"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-225319","article-title":"Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Literature Review Informing the 2023 Update of the EULAR Recommendations","volume":"83","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033221131183","article-title":"Safety of Belimumab in Adult Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Results of a Large Integrated Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trial Data","volume":"31","author":"Wallace","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001400","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001400","article-title":"Postmarketing Safety Evaluation of Belimumab: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1142\/S2661341724740481","article-title":"Recurrent Palpitation in a Young Man with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Undergoing Belimumab with Resolution After Switching to Telitacicept","volume":"24","author":"Mai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"e63966","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Anifrolumab in Moderate-to-Severe Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"Cingireddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000464","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2020-000464","article-title":"Safety Profile of Anifrolumab in Patients with Active SLE: An Integrated Analysis of Phase II and III Trials","volume":"8","author":"Tummala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Ma, J., and Niu, J. (2025). Post-Marketing Safety Signals of Anifrolumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Pharmacovigilance Study Based on FAERS. BMC Rheumatol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-025-00545-4"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-023-05306-5","article-title":"Current Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Clinician\u2019s Perspective","volume":"43","author":"Katarzyna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-010-0283-9","article-title":"Development of Various Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances Following Corticosteroid Therapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Antiphospholipid Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Kasamatsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000272","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2018-000272","article-title":"QRISK3 Improves Detection of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"5","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316671810","article-title":"Complementary Role of Cardiovascular Imaging and Laboratory Indices in Early Detection of Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"26","author":"Mavrogeni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3486-4","article-title":"Echocardiographic Findings in Asymptomatic Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients","volume":"36","author":"Mohammed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3373-z","article-title":"Heart Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierra-Galan, L.M., Bhatia, M., Alberto-Delgado, A.L., Madrazo-Shiordia, J., Salcido, C., Santoyo, B., Martinez, E., and Soto, M.E. (2022). Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Rheumatology to Detect Cardiac Involvement Since Early and Pre-Clinical Stages of the Autoimmune Diseases: A Narrative Review. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.870200"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317722847","article-title":"Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Case Series and Literature Review","volume":"26","author":"Fasano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rihackova, E., Vysocanova, P., Rihacek, M., Kucerova, D., Blahovcova, T., and Kala, P. (2022). Management of Complete Heart Block in a Pregnant Woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Complications: Treatment Considerations and Pitfalls. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010088"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000472","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2020-000472","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Clinical Pathway for Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and\/or Antiphospholipid Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Wind","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30237-5","article-title":"Management Strategies and Future Directions for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Adults","volume":"393","author":"Durcan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02017-5","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T Cell Therapy for Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Mackensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, I., Abreu, C., Costa, L., and Casimiro, S. (2023). The Evolving Pathways of the Efficacy of and Resistance to CDK4\/6 Inhibitors in Breast Cancer. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15194835"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Chen, H., Xu, C., Hu, M., Li, J., and Chang, W. (2024). Systemic Toxicity of CAR-T Therapy and Potential Monitoring Indicators for Toxicity Prevention. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1422591"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Tang, L., Zhang, K., Meng, X., Liu, T., Chen, Y., and Huang, X. (2024). Causal Association between Common Rheumatic Diseases and Arrhythmia: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1419466"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/3\/372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:02:05Z","timestamp":1769191325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/3\/372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16030372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16030372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}}}