{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:14:57Z","timestamp":1792458897487,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging method that enables accurate in vivo visualisation and quantification of the macular and optic nerve head microvasculature, providing an indirect assessment of local retinal perfusion. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in OCTA perfusion parameters of macula and optic nerve head in healthy individuals following different isometric exercises and to determine their association with intraocular pressure alterations. Methods: Each subject performed four isometric exercises: elbow plank, reverse plank, right-side plank, and wall sit. Measurements of intraocular pressure, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and OCT angiography of macula and optic nerve head were conducted before each exercise, immediately after its completion, and after a five-minute rest period. Intraocular pressure was measured using a Perkins applanation tonometer, and systemic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded using an automated sphygmomanometer. The relationship between changes in intraocular pressure and OCTA perfusion parameters was analysed. Results: A total of 12 eyes of 12 healthy subjects were included in the study, with a mean age of 28.67 \u00b1 2.39 years. An immediate reduction in optic nerve head vessel density was observed after each exercise (elbow plank: p = 0.012; wall sit: p = 0.009; reverse plank: p &lt; 0.001; right-side plank: p &lt; 0.001), with a sustained decrease during the rest period following right-side plank. No significant changes in vessel density were observed in the macular region. Heart rate and systemic blood pressure increased after each exercise, while intraocular pressure increased following all exercises except the wall sit. Changes in intraocular pressure were significantly negatively associated with changes in optic nerve head vessel density in the post-rest period following elbow plank (inside disc sector: b = \u22121.153, p = 0.02, peripapillary sector: b = \u22120.369, p = 0.009) and reverse plank (whole image sector: b = \u22120.589, p = 0.031). Conclusions: The performance of isometric exercises induced an acute reduction in optic nerve head vessel density, and a significant association with intraocular pressure changes was observed. OCTA represents a promising research tool not only for the assessment of retinal microcirculation but also in the field of sports medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16030374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1769190758000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between Intraocular Pressure Changes and Optic Nerve Head and Macular Perfusion Parameters During Isometric Exercise: OCTA Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7167-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Krobot \u010cutura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Varazdin General Hospital, Ivana Mestrovica 1, 42 000 Varazdin, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik-Mate","family":"\u010cutura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Varazdin General Hospital, Ivana Mestrovica 1, 42 000 Varazdin, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksimilijan","family":"Mrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Karlovac General Hospital, A. Stampara 3, 47 000 Karlovac, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivanka","family":"Petric Vickovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana","family":"Ru\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"864871","article-title":"Ocular Blood Flow Autoregulation Mechanisms and Methods","volume":"2015","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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