{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:32:22Z","timestamp":1783434742620,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is more common in females, although studies assessing the differences between females and males are scarce. Therefore, this retrospective observational study aimed to assess differences at diagnosis and the evolution of the full spectrum of AIG between females and males. Methods: A large retrospective single-center cohort study was performed. Two cohorts were included: patients newly diagnosed with AIG with positive parietal cell antibodies between June 2013 and June 2023, and those who underwent at least one follow-up endoscopy, constituted the second cohort. Both cohorts were categorized by sex. Results: A total of four hundred twenty-six patients were included. Three hundred seventeen were females (74.4%) and 109 males, with a median age of 53.5 years (IQR 44.7\u201365.3). Females were more likely to be non-smokers (71.5%, 226 patients versus 57.8%, 63 patients; p = 0.01), higher prevalence of autoimmune hypothyroidism (72 females, 22.7% versus nine males, 8.3%; p = 0.001), dyspepsia (130 individuals, 41% versus 28 individuals, 25.7%; p = 0.004), and iron deficiency anemia (100 females, 31.6% versus 18 males, 16.5%; p = 0.002), while vitamin B12 deficiency was higher amongst males (22, 21.6% versus 36; 11.6%; p = 0.012). Histological and endoscopic stages were similar at the diagnosis. The logistic regression identified iron deficiency anemia (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.47\u20135.72; p = 0.002), dyspepsia (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.28\u20133.9; p = 0.005), lower ferritin levels (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98\u20130.99; p &lt; 0.001), and autoimmune hypothyroidism (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.24\u20135.8, p = 0.012) associated with females at diagnosis. No significant differences were observed regarding progression to a worse stage (47 females, 39.1% versus 9 males, 28.1%; p = 0.26). Conclusions: In conclusion, this large retrospective study showed some differences in clinical factors associated with AIG, although the evolution was similar. Clinicians should be particularly vigilant for the diagnosis of AIG in female patients with iron deficiency anemia, dyspeptic symptoms, and autoimmune hypothyroidism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16030387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex-Related Differences in the Diagnosis and Evolution of Parietal Cell Antibody-Positive Autoimmune Gastritis: A Large Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6746-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Fuentes-Valenzuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7706-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Escribano Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Parra Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almudena","family":"Calvache Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"Gil Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Rubio de la Plaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Chivato Mart\u00edn-Falquina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Batllori Aran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Latorre Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Alonso","family":"Castillo Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Alcalde Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Guzm\u00e1n L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-2619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Bejerano Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, 28342 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002948","article-title":"Distinguishing Features of Autoimmune Gastritis Depending on Previous Helicobacter pylori Infection or Positivity to Anti-Parietal Cell Antibodies: Results from the Autoimmune gastRitis Italian netwOrk Study grOup (ARIOSO)","volume":"119","author":"Lenti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70065","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.70065","article-title":"Prevalence of Autoimmune Gastritis Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"441","article-title":"Prevalence and evolution of newly diagnosed autoimmune gastritis in a large Spanish retrospective cohort","volume":"117","author":"Cruz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enfermedades Dig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002619","article-title":"Long-Term Natural History of Autoimmune Gastritis: Results from a Prospective Monocentric Series","volume":"119","author":"Miceli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15540","article-title":"Natural history of autoimmune atrophic gastritis: A prospective, single centre, long-term experience","volume":"50","author":"Miceli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.10.015","article-title":"Autoimmune gastritis: Diagnosis, clinical management and natural history. A position paper by the Autoimmune gastRitis Italian netwOrk Study grOup (ARIOSO)","volume":"58","author":"Lahner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327827","article-title":"Autoimmune gastritis: Long-term natural history in na\u00efve Helicobacter pylori-negative patients","volume":"72","author":"Rugge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-025-02245-9","article-title":"Controversy regarding the risk of autoimmune gastritis on gastric adenocarcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Yamamichi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2529-5025","article-title":"Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and early neoplasia of the stomach (MAPS III): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG) and European Society of Pathology (ESP) Guideline update 2025","volume":"57","author":"Uchima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.04.006","article-title":"Gender-sex differences in autoimmune atrophic gastritis","volume":"248","author":"Lahner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellana, C., Eusebi, L.H., Dajti, E., Iascone, V., Vestito, A., Fusaroli, P., Fuccio, L., D\u2019errico, A., and Zagari, R.M. (2024). Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis: A Clinical Review. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16071310"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284820915043","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820915043","article-title":"Sex-based differences in inflammatory bowel diseases: A review","volume":"13","author":"Rustgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.05.013","article-title":"Sex-Related Differences in the Phenotype and Course of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: SEXEII Study of ENEIDA","volume":"22","author":"Ricart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-00728-x","article-title":"Sex differences in immunity","volume":"41","author":"Lotter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.06.008","article-title":"Sex Bias and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"142","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0274-0","article-title":"Severity of Psoriasis Differs Between Men and Women: A Study of the Clinical Outcome Measure Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) in 5438 Swedish Register Patients","volume":"18","author":"Eriksson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.04.015","article-title":"Seronegative autoimmune atrophic gastritis is more common in elderly patients","volume":"52","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13500","article-title":"Multicenter study of autoimmune gastritis in Japan: Clinical and endoscopic characteristics","volume":"32","author":"Terao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.2292-18","article-title":"Prevalence of Autoimmune Gastritis in Individuals Undergoing Medical Checkups in Japan","volume":"58","author":"Notsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arevalo, F., Rayme, S., Rolando, R., Ram\u00edrez, R., Rodas, G., Fustamante, J., Monge, E., Montes, P., and Marav\u00ed, J. (2025). Autoimmune gastritis: Clinical and histological study in a Peruvian population. BMC Gastroenterol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04363-3"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl240448","article-title":"A Retrospective Study on Clinical Features of Autoimmune Gastritis: Impact of Age, Sex, and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in China","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Liver"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/3\/387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:32:35Z","timestamp":1769427155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/3\/387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16030387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16030387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]}}}