{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:08:10Z","timestamp":1790874490700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aims to evaluate whether contemporary artificial intelligence (AI), including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for medical imaging and large language models (LLMs) for language processing, could replace physicians in the near future and to identify the principal clinical, technical, and regulatory barriers. Methods: A narrative review is conducted on the scientific literature addressing AI performance and reproducibility in medical imaging, LLM competence in medical knowledge assessment and patient communication, limitations in out-of-distribution generalization, absence of physical examination and sensory inputs, and current regulatory and legal frameworks, particularly within the European Union. Results: AI systems demonstrate high accuracy and reproducibility in narrowly defined tasks, such as image interpretation, lesion measurement, triage, documentation support, and written communication. These capabilities reduce interobserver variability and support workflow efficiency. However, major obstacles to physician replacement persist, including limited generalization beyond training distributions, inability to perform physical examination or procedural tasks, susceptibility of LLMs to hallucinations and overconfidence, unresolved issues of legal liability at higher levels of autonomy, and the continued requirement for clinician oversight. Conclusions: In the foreseeable future, AI will augment rather than replace physicians. The most realistic trajectory involves automation of well-defined tasks under human supervision, while clinical integration, physical examination, procedural performance, ethical judgment, and accountability remain physician-dependent. Future adoption should prioritize robust clinical validation, uncertainty management, escalation pathways to clinicians, and clear regulatory and legal frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16030396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:05:27Z","timestamp":1769504727000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Will AI Replace Physicians in the Near Future? AI Adoption Barriers in Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5883-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Obuchowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4773-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Pi\u00f3rkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5137-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Nurzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Algorithmics and Software, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Obuchowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9102-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Strzelecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8472-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Bielecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Algorithmics, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.15064","article-title":"Potential Liability for Physicians Using Artificial Intelligence","volume":"322","author":"Gerke","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0147-y","article-title":"Automated deep-neural-network surveillance of cranial images for acute neurologic events","volume":"24","author":"Titano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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