{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:19:47Z","timestamp":1770077987846,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Development Foundation","award":["02025012029913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02025012029913"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: We sought to examine serum concentrations of Gremlin 1 and BMP 4 in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared to healthy pregnant controls while also exploring potential associations with body mass index (BMI) and gestational age. Methods: Our cohort comprised 72 pregnant women\u201435 with GDM and 37 healthy controls. We measured serum levels of Gremlin 1 and BMP 4 and stratified participants according to BMI categories. Statistical comparisons employed appropriate tests for group differences, and we used Spearman\u2019s correlation to evaluate relationships among BMI, gestational age, fetal birth weight, HOMA-IR, Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), QUICKI and biomarker levels. Results: BMI, triglyceride, HOMA-IR, and TyG were significantly higher, and QUICKI was lower in the GDM group compared with controls. Although Gremlin 1 levels were lower and BMP 4 levels and fetal birth weight were higher in the GDM group, these differences were not statistically significant. In BMI stratified analysis, both biomarkers were higher in the normal weight group, without significant differences. BMI correlated negatively with Gremlin 1 and BMP 4, and gestational age correlated negatively with both biomarkers. A strong positive correlation was observed between Gremlin 1 and BMP 4. Conclusions: The biomarker patterns observed in GDM appear distinct from those reported in diabetes mellitus, possibly reflecting pregnancy-related physiological weight gain and shifts in body composition. The strong positive relationship between Gremlin 1 and BMP 4 lends support to the notion of coordinated regulatory pathways, potentially indicating cellular resistance to BMP 4\u2019s pro-adipogenic actions. Larger longitudinal investigations incorporating detailed body composition assessments will be essential to elucidate their roles in gestational metabolic adaptations and their potential utility for GDM risk stratification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16030417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:49:44Z","timestamp":1770036584000},"page":"417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Biomarker Profiles: A BMI-Stratified Analysis of Gremlin 1 and BMP 4\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-6052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye\u015fim","family":"\u015ealcio\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8321-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Medeni","family":"Arpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K\u00fcbra","family":"S\u00f6nmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7712-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eenol","family":"\u015eent\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kovacs, C.S., and Deal, C.L. 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