{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:03:41Z","timestamp":1791396221340,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Water Resources, Sultanate of Oman","award":["MOHERI\/SRPP\/MOAFWR\/1\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHERI\/SRPP\/MOAFWR\/1\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain and stiffness, often leading to loss of function and disability. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) represents the most prevalent type of osteoarthritis. KOA is usually detected using X-ray radiographs of the knee; however, the classification of disease severity remains subjective and varies among clinicians, motivating the need for automated assessment methods. In recent years, deep learning\u2013based approaches have shown promising performance for KOA classification tasks, particularly when applied to structured imaging datasets. This review analyzes convolution neural network (CNN)-based approaches reported in the literature and compares their performance across multiple criteria. Studies were identified through systematic searches of IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, Elsevier (ScienceDirect), Wiley Online Library, ACM Digital Library, and other sources such as PubMed and arXiv, with the last search conducted in March 2025. The review examines datasets used (primarily X-ray and MRI), preprocessing strategies, segmentation techniques, and deep learning architectures. Reported classification accuracies range from 61% to 98%, depending on the dataset, imaging modality, and task formulation. Finally, this paper highlights key methodological limitations in existing studies and outlines future research directions to improve the robustness and clinical applicability of deep learning\u2013based KOA classification systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16030461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:12:46Z","timestamp":1770041566000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Review of CNN-Based Approaches for Preprocessing, Segmentation and Classification of Knee Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5907-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudesh","family":"Rani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7769-5165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash","family":"Rout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3060-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Soni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1680-5916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayank","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7802-0026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naresh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Birkat Al Mouz, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9038-0099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2005.09.007","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: Epidemiology","volume":"20","author":"Arden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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