{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T15:11:05Z","timestamp":1771254665380,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir","award":["UCV\/2024-2025\/028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCV\/2024-2025\/028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Accurate assessment of lower limb alignment is critical in diagnostic decision-making for musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to validate the PAViR (Posture Analyzing and Virtual Reconstruction) system, a non-invasive device based on artificial vision and 2D photogrammetry, for measuring the Hip\u2013Knee\u2013Ankle (HKA) angle. Method. A total of sixty-one adult participants were evaluated using the PAViR system, and the results were compared against Kinovea, a validated open-source software commonly used for 2D kinematic and angular analysis in clinical and sports biomechanics. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, Pearson correlation, and Bland\u2013Altman plots. Results. The correlation between both systems was perfect (r = 0.999; p &lt; 0.001). The Bland\u2013Altman analysis showed differences of 0.03\u00b0 (left) and 0.04\u00b0 (right), with limits of agreement between \u22120.25\u00b0 and +0.75\u00b0, within the clinically acceptable margin of \u00b12\u00b0. These findings demonstrate that the PAViR system shows excellent agreement with a validated 2D photogrammetry reference method for measuring the Hip-Knee-Ankle angle in asymptomatic adults. The narrow limits of agreement (\u22120.25\u00b0 to +0.75\u00b0) and minimal systematic bias (0.03\u20130.04\u00b0) support the technical validity of PAViR for static coronal plane alignment assessment under controlled conditions. Conclusions. Further validation studies in clinical populations and dynamic contexts are necessary to establish broader applicability and clinical utility. Its integration could enhance lower limb assessment in orthopedic, sports, and preventive care. Further validation studies in clinical populations with musculoskeletal pathology, dynamic functional contexts, and direct comparison with radiographic gold standards are necessary to establish broader applicability and clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16040568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:09:32Z","timestamp":1770998972000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of the Posture Analyzing and Virtual Reconstruction (PAViR) System for Measuring the Hip\u2013Knee\u2013Ankle Angle Using 2D Photogrammetry and Computer Vision"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6648-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Aguilar Esteban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice at dePie Cl\u00ednicas Podol\u00f3gicas, 46021 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Martinez Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice at dePie Cl\u00ednicas Podol\u00f3gicas, 46021 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Martinez Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice at dePie Cl\u00ednicas Podol\u00f3gicas, 46021 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Torralba Estelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Podiatry, School of Medicine and Health Science, Catholic University of Valencia, 46900 Torrent, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.09.011","article-title":"Does measurement of the anatomic axis consistently predict hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) for knee alignment studies in osteoarthritis?","volume":"19","author":"Sheehy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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