{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:58:30Z","timestamp":1789682310846,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Machine learning (ML), including deep learning, kernel-based classifiers, and ensemble methods, is increasingly used to support clinical diagnosis in medical imaging, biosignal interpretation, and electronic health record (EHR)-based decision support. Despite rapid progress, many diagnostic AI studies still rely on limited retrospective evaluation and single summary measures (e.g., accuracy or AUC), creating a gap between reported model performance and evidence required for safe clinical adoption. This review proposes TRIAGE, a clinically grounded evaluation framework designed to organize diagnostic AI testing as an evidence pipeline aligned with real clinical use cases (screening, triage, second reading, and confirmatory testing). We summarize core discrimination metrics derived from the confusion matrix (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio, and F-scores) and highlight the importance of prevalence and spectrum effects for interpreting predictive value and clinical workload. We further review evaluation strategies for multi-class and multi-label diagnostic tasks using appropriate aggregation methods (micro, macro, and weighted averaging) and set-based measures such as Hamming loss, exact match ratio, and Jaccard\/IoU. Because diagnostic deployment is threshold-dependent, we integrate representation curves (ROC, precision\u2013recall, lift, and cumulative gain) with calibration assessment and clinical utility analysis, including calibration slope, Brier score, and decision-curve analysis. We also address robustness and fairness evaluation, leakage-resistant validation designs (patient-grouped splits, stratified and temporal validation, and external validation), computational constraints relevant to deployment (latency, throughput, and energy use), and statistically sound model comparison with multiplicity control. A structured TRIAGE checklist table summarizing the evaluation parameters described in this review is provided in the main text to support reproducible and clinically interpretable reporting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16050666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:23:45Z","timestamp":1772105025000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["TRIAGE: Trustworthy Reporting and Assessment for Clinical Gain and Effectiveness of AI Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Fazilati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Zakaria","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran 88989487, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5727-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Alihosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohaddeseh Esmaeili","family":"Farsani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hasan","family":"Sandid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadi","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrshad","family":"Alirezaei Farahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Biriaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Sadeghipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Taha","family":"Mirshamsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mottahareh","family":"Fahami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4408-2397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Marateb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (IRIS), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Innovation and Development of Artificial Intelligence Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746773441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c30fb2","article-title":"Assessing the performance of prediction models: A framework for traditional and novel measures","volume":"21","author":"Steyerberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X06295361","article-title":"Decision curve analysis: A novel method for evaluating prediction models","volume":"26","author":"Vickers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. 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