{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:02:14Z","timestamp":1774540934553,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Tuberculosis and COVID-19 are two major infectious diseases with significant inflammatory and immunological impact on infected hosts and both conditions are independently associated with a prothrombotic state. However, evidence regarding their combined effect on in-hospital thrombotic risk remains limited. In this study, we aimed to explore whether patients with tuberculosis and COVID-19 coinfection are at a higher risk of developing thrombotic events during hospitalization than patients diagnosed with tuberculosis alone. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective, single-center cohort study, including adults hospitalized at the Pulmonology Clinic, Adult Tuberculosis ward of Mures County Clinical Hospital, between 2021 and 2023. Two groups were analyzed: patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who developed COVID-19 during hospitalization (n = 40) and patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 40). Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were extracted from medical records. Padua and IMPROVE-DD scores were calculated retrospectively, a rapid mini-score was evaluated exploratorily. Comparisons between groups were performed using appropriate statistical tests and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Given the limited number of events, an age-adjusted Firth penalized logistic regression model was used for multivariable analysis. Results: Thrombotic events occurred more frequently in the tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection group (22.5% vs. 10%), although statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.22; OR = 2.61). Patients with coinfection had significantly higher proportions of elevated Padua scores (55% vs. 20%, p = 0.002; OR = 4.88), while IMPROVE-DD showed values near the conventional threshold for statistical significance (37.5% vs. 17.5%, p = 0.07). D-dimer values did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07) and platelet counts were significantly higher in patients with tuberculosis only (p = 0.001). Mortality did not differ significantly between groups (15% vs. 10%, p = 0.73). In age-adjusted multivariable analysis, tuberculosis and COVID-19 coinfection remained associated with higher odds of thrombotic events, with wide confidence intervals. Conclusions: Patients with concomitant tuberculosis and COVID-19 showed a higher thrombotic risk profile (Padua score) and numerically higher rates of in-hospital thrombotic events, without reaching statistical significance. Findings should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating. Larger prospective studies with systematic imaging and multivariable adjustment are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16050724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:22:21Z","timestamp":1772551341000},"page":"724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Thrombotic Risk in Patients with Tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7066-7424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Muntean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Pneumology Department, Clinical County Hospital of Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea-Raluca","family":"Cozac-Szoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Clinical County Hospital of Mures, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Chiorean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Clinical County Hospital of Mures, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Sab\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Clinical County Hospital of Mures, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5985-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iuliu","family":"Cocuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Clinical County Hospital of Mures, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9016-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"Niculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Clinical County Hospital of Mures, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mariean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Radiology Department, Emergency Clinical County Hospital of Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Cotoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Clinical County Hospital of Mures, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30703-X","article-title":"The global burden of tuberculosis: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"18","author":"Kyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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