{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:09:53Z","timestamp":1792858193582,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the MONA.health artificial intelligence (AI) software (Version 1.0.0; MONA.health, Leuven, Belgium) and compare its advantages in screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) with standard fundus photography. Methods: This cross-sectional, real-life instrument validation study was conducted at the Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic in Zagreb during routine DR screening and included 296 patients (592 eyes) with diabetes. Following standard fundus photography using a 45\u00b0 Zeiss VISUCAM NM\/FA camera (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany), each patient also underwent imaging with an automated portable retinal camera (NFC-600, Crystalvue Ophthalmic Instruments, Taoyuan City, Taiwan). Two retina specialists independently graded images from the standard camera, while images from the NFC-600 were analyzed using the MONA.health AI software. Results: Among the 592 eyes, human grading identified 81 with any DR, including 17 with mild NPDR, 64 with referable DR (moderate\/severe NPDR or PDR), and 13 with DME. The MONA.health AI software identified 65 eyes with referable DR and 19 with DME. For MONA DR screening compared to the standard fundus camera, the area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, kappa agreement, diagnostic odds ratio, and diagnostic effectiveness were 99.74%, 100%, 99.81%, 99.33%, 100%, 528.00, 0.00, 0.99, infinity, and 99.85%, respectively. For MONA DME screening, these metrics were 97.97%, 100%, 98.95%, 85.93%, 100%, 95.67, 0.00, 0.81, infinity, and 99.02%, respectively. The MONA AI screening process required 1 day of training and approximately 5 min for image capture and analysis, compared to 7 days of training and 13 min for image acquisition and grading with the standard method. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the MONA.health AI software matches the accuracy of standard fundus photography for screening and early detection of referable DR and DME, while offering a faster, simpler, and more user-friendly workflow that significantly reduces the time to obtain screening results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16050730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:22:21Z","timestamp":1772551341000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy and Real-Life Advantages of the MONA.health Artificial Intelligence Software in Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy and Maculopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7535-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Tomi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetic Eye Complications, Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romano","family":"Vrabec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetic Eye Complications, Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3387-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toma","family":"Babi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetic Eye Complications, Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kljaji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4808-2968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomislav","family":"Bulum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.024","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040","volume":"128","author":"Ogurtsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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