{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:35:25Z","timestamp":1773102925018,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) refers specifically to the presence of a thrombus within the main portal vein trunk or its intrahepatic branches. In contrast, portal vein occlusion encompasses a broader spectrum of conditions, including tumor invasion, external compression and disorders that predispose to thrombosis, such as thrombophilia or inflammatory states. Advanced liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, is the most common cause of PVT, primarily due to portal hypertension, altered hemostasis and hemodynamic changes, followed by malignancies and inherited or acquired thrombophilic conditions. In contrast to these common etiologies, our clinical experience has highlighted rare causes of portal vein obstruction associated with typical presentations, which pose diagnostic challenges. Examples include acute PVT during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement and non-thrombotic porto-mesenteric obstruction related to portal venous gas. While these events may appear unexpected, they represent a recognizable group of uncommon causes rather than isolated incidents. PVT can present as an acute or chronic condition: acute thrombosis is characterized by recent thrombus formation and potential intestinal ischemia, whereas chronic thrombosis is associated with long-standing obstruction, cavernous transformation and portal hypertension. This narrative review integrates a comprehensive literature search with clinical experience, with particular emphasis on uncommon etiologies of portal vein obstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16050800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:27:18Z","timestamp":1773062838000},"page":"800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rare Causes of Portal Vein Thrombosis and Occlusion: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lavinia Alice","family":"B\u0103l\u0103ceanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department 1\u2014Medical Semiology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cSf. Ioan\u201d, 042122 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Georgeta","family":"Iacobescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cSf. Ioan\u201d, 042122 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Burloiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cSf. Ioan\u201d, 042122 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian-Vlad","family":"L\u0103p\u0103dat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department 1\u2014Medical Semiology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cSf. Ioan\u201d, 042122 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6704-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ion","family":"Dina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department 1\u2014Medical Semiology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cSf. Ioan\u201d, 042122 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ion Daniel","family":"Baboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department 1\u2014Medical Semiology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cSf. Ioan\u201d, 042122 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccatonda, A., Gentilini, S., Zanata, E., Simion, C., Serra, C., Simioni, P., Piscaglia, F., Campello, E., and Ageno, W. (2024). Portal Vein Thrombosis: State-of-the-Art Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051517"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.022","article-title":"Baveno VII-Renewing consensus in portal hypertension","volume":"76","author":"Bosch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00155-9","article-title":"Portal vein thrombosis: Diagnosis, management, and endpoints for future clinical studies","volume":"9","author":"Elkrief","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. 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