{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:27:29Z","timestamp":1789140449911,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Infraocclusion in pediatric patients may result in space loss, malocclusion and the need for complex orthodontic treatment if not detected early. Conventional diagnosis may be subject to human error and can be challenging, particularly in pediatric cases. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate a lightweight, two-stage deep learning framework with integrated explainable AI (XAI) techniques for automated infraocclusion detection in pediatric panoramic radiographs. Methods: Annotated panoramic radiographs of pediatric patients aged 7\u201311 years were used for training and validation. In the first stage, a MobileNet V2 Lite model was used to detect the region of interest (ROI) comprising premolars and molars. In the second stage, a custom CNN classifier was proposed to distinguish between infraocclusion and no infraocclusion. Model performance was evaluated in terms of diagnostic accuracy, computational complexity, and statistical significance. XAI techniques were also incorporated to visualize model attention and enhance interpretability. Results: The detection stage achieved high reliability with a precision, recall, F1-score, and AP50 values of 0.99, and an AP75 of 0.89, indicating accurate ROI localization. The classification stage reached an overall accuracy of 98.78%, with class-specific accuracies of 99.25% for infraocclusion and 98.31% for no infraocclusion cases. The framework also demonstrated computational efficiency, requiring only 1.88 M trainable parameters (7.19 MB), with short training times and low inference latency (0.8 ms for classification and 19 ms for detection). XAI visualizations consistently highlighted clinically relevant regions, such as occlusal margins and interproximal areas, confirming the model\u2019s alignment with radiographic features recognized by clinicians. Conclusions: The proposed two-stage framework provides an accurate, computationally efficient, and interpretable solution for automated infraocclusion detection in pediatric patients. Its modular design and reduced complexity support practical integration into routine clinical workflows, including resource-constrained environments. These findings indicate that lightweight and XAI systems may enhance early infraocclusion detection while maintaining clinical transparency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16060866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:32:07Z","timestamp":1773667927000},"page":"866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Lightweight and Explainable AI Framework Toward Automated Infraocclusion Detection in Pediatric Panoramic Radiographs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6228-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeliha Hatipoglu","family":"Palaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ecem Elif","family":"Cege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bamoye","family":"Maiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RST Technology, Hacettepe University Teknokent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9459-0042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaser","family":"Dalveren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Izmir Bakircay University, 35665 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonca Gokce Menekse","family":"Dalveren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Izmir Bakircay University, 35665 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9739-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Gazi University, 06570 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Soylu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Doctoral Studies, Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, 0107 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Derawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjovik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamska, P., Sobczak-Zagalska, H., Stasiak, M., Adamski, \u0141.J., Pyli\u0144ska-D\u0105browska, D., Barkowska, S., Zedler, A., and Studniarek, M. 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