{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:01:03Z","timestamp":1773939663573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Scientific Fund of the Mayor of the City of Vienna","award":["22100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Kidney injury is a frequent complication of multiple myeloma (MM) and monoclonal gammopathies. Podocyte stress markers, such as urinary nephrin and podocin, have been studied in other renal diseases but their utility in paraprotein-related kidney disease remains unclear. This pilot study investigated the association of urinary nephrin and podocin levels with albuminuria and biopsy-proven podocytopathy in patients with paraprotein-related diseases. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 75 patients with plasma cell dyscrasias, including MM and MGRS, along with 11 healthy controls. Urinary podocin and nephrin mRNA levels were measured using qPCR, and urinary podocin protein levels were quantified via ELISA. Associations were assessed between these biomarkers and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (uPCR), albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR), and histologically confirmed podocytopathia. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Higher urinary podocin protein levels were significantly associated with lower uACR (p = 0.007) and uPCR (p = 0.026). Neither podocin nor nephrin mRNA showed significant associations with proteinuria metrics. ROC analysis indicated that podocin ELISA (AUC = 0.350) and podocin mRNA (AUC = 0.510) lacked diagnostic accuracy for predicting renal involvement. The presence of urinary tract infection (UTI) was a significant confounder, leading to increased levels of podocin and nephrin mRNA. Conclusions: Urinary podocin shows a trend toward elevation in MM\/MGRS patients with histological podocyte injury. The study revealed an unexpected inverse association between urinary podocin and albuminuria, suggesting complex release kinetics or stage mismatches in this population. Given the confounding effect of UTIs, and the pilot nature of this study, further research is required to validate these podocyte proteins as biomarkers in paraprotein-related kidney disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16060922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:38:01Z","timestamp":1773934681000},"page":"922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Determinants of Urinary Podocyte Biomarkers and Their Feasibility in Paraprotein-Related Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-0751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Helk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Academic Institute for Clinical Nutrition, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcrkan","family":"Seng\u00f6lge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4607-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Gerges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermine","family":"Agis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0511-6120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Winnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-07-445304","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: When MGUS is no longer undetermined or insignificant","volume":"120","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00223-1","article-title":"Management of multiple myeloma-related renal impairment: Recommendations from the International Myeloma Working Group","volume":"24","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0077-4","article-title":"The evaluation of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance","volume":"15","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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