{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T22:43:07Z","timestamp":1792363387624,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIISB: Instruct-CZ Centre of Instruct-ERIC EU consortium"},{"name":"MEYS CR infrastructure project","award":["LM2023042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2023042"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund-Project \u201cInnovation of Czech Infrastructure for Integrative Structural Biology\u201d","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/23_015\/0008175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/23_015\/0008175"]}]},{"name":"e-INFRA CZ project","award":["90254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90254"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Emphysema is an important chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) phenotype characterized by the destruction of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole. Aiming to detect potential emphysema biomarkers and to assess the systemic effects of emphysema in blood plasma, we conducted a small cross-sectional shotgun proteomics study. Methods: This study included N = 40 participants divided into four subgroups (N = 10 per group): patients with emphysema and COPD (CE), patients with COPD but without emphysema (CN), healthy smokers (HS) and healthy never-smokers (HN). The participants were sampled non-probabilistically to be similar in terms of age, sex and comorbidities. Participants\u2019 blood plasma was analyzed using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. Bioinformatic analysis included detection of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and overrepresentation analysis (ORA). Results: Across all groups, a total of 994 proteins were identified, with NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME; encoded by ME1) being the only DEP in the CE vs. CN contrast. Proteins such as BMP1, ADAMTSL-2, -4 and IGFBP4, -5, 6 were identified to be upregulated in CE vs. HN. Fibulin-1, -3 and several immunoglobulin components were identified to be downregulated in the CE vs. HN contrast. ORA revealed several enriched processes, including serine-type endopeptidase activity, insulin-like growth factor I and II binding, and signaling receptor binding. Conclusion: We propose NADP-ME, an important enzyme of intermediary metabolism and redox homeostasis, as a potential biomarker candidate of emphysema. Notably, NADP-ME is also implicated in anoikis resistance. Additionally, changes in the expression levels of BMP1, ADAMTSL-2 and -4, and fibulin suggest potential major systemic effects of extracellular matrix perturbation. As all data was derived from LC-MS analysis, these findings need to be further evaluated with complementary methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16060931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:53:34Z","timestamp":1774274014000},"page":"931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proteomics-Based Study of Potential Emphysema Biomarkers Reveals Systemic Redox System and Extracellular Matrix Component Dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7782-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grgur","family":"Salai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru\u0111er","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Proteomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb,  10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"BIMIS\u2014Biomedical Research Center \u0160alata, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7623-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stela","family":"Hrka\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9857-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e1clav","family":"Pustka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pot\u011b\u0161il","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbyn\u011bk","family":"Zdr\u00e1hal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divo","family":"Ljubicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lovorka","family":"Grgurevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Proteomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb,  10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"BIMIS\u2014Biomedical Research Center \u0160alata, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, \u201cDrago Perovi\u0107\u201d, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb,  10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00432-1","article-title":"GOLD COPD Report: 2026 Update","volume":"14","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pahal, P., Avula, A., and Afzal, M. (2025). Emphysema. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing, LLC."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232558","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232558","article-title":"Fleischner Society: Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging","volume":"310","author":"Bankier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Desai, S.R., Lynch, D.A., Elicker, B.M., Devaraj, A., and Sverzellati, N. (2021). Illustrated Flossary of High-Resolution CT Terms. Webb, M\u00fcller and Naidich\u2019s High-Resolution CT of the Lung, Wolters Kluwer."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentaher, A., Glehen, O., and Degobert, G. (2025). Pulmonary Emphysema: Current Understanding of Disease Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13092120"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.07.030","article-title":"COPD Pathogenesis","volume":"155","author":"Cantor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"356","article-title":"Redox Signalling and Oxidative Stress in Lung Disorders","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Grippi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fishman\u2019s Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2542153","article-title":"Patterns and Underlying Mechanisms of Airway Epithelial Cell Death in COPD","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"COPD J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200403-305OC","article-title":"Abnormal Alveolar Attachments with Decreased Elastic Fiber Content in Distal Lung in Fatal Asthma","volume":"170","author":"Mauad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1583","article-title":"Antielastin Autoimmunity in Tobacco Smoking\u2013Induced Emphysema","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, L., Krauss-Etschmann, S., Petersen, F., and Yu, X. (2018). Autoantibodies in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00066"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200803-435OC","article-title":"Association of Radiographic Emphysema and Airflow Obstruction with Lung Cancer","volume":"178","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2022-0064ED","article-title":"Muscle Wasting in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Not Enough Autophagy?","volume":"66","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00015608","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension in COPD","volume":"32","author":"Chaouat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000549","article-title":"Biomarkers for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis and Progression","volume":"25","author":"Mannino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00494-5","article-title":"GOLD COPD Report: 2023 Update","volume":"11","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101499","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01499-2021","article-title":"ERS\/ATS Technical Standard on Interpretive Strategies for Routine Lung Function Tests","volume":"60","author":"Stanojevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202205-0963OC","article-title":"A Race-Neutral Approach to the Interpretation of Lung Function Measurements","volume":"207","author":"Bowerman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST","article-title":"Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement","volume":"200","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grgurevi\u0107, L., Novak, R., Jambro\u0161i\u0107, L., Mo\u010dibob, M., Jaganjac, M., Halasz, M., Salai, G., Hrka\u010d, S., Milo\u0161evi\u0107, M., and Vlahovi\u0107, T. (2024). Systemic Lipid Metabolism Dysregulation as a Possible Driving Force of Fracture Non-Unions?. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11111135"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.261","article-title":"Protocol for Micro-Purification, Enrichment, Pre-Fractionation and Storage of Peptides for Proteomics Using StageTips","volume":"2","author":"Rappsilber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0638-x","article-title":"DIA-NN: Neural Networks and Interference Correction Enable Deep Proteome Coverage in High Throughput","volume":"17","author":"Demichev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2025, December 02). DIA-NN. Application (Version 2.1.0). Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/vdemichev\/diann."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz961","article-title":"iq: An R Package to Estimate Relative Protein Abundances from Ion Quantification in DIA-MS-Based Proteomics","volume":"36","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2019.03.005","article-title":"Label-Free Absolute Protein Quantification with Data-Independent Acquisition","volume":"200","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"Limma Powers Differential Expression Analyses for RNA-Sequencing and Microarray Studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz931","article-title":"ShinyGO: A Graphical Gene-Set Enrichment Tool for Animals and Plants","volume":"36","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","article-title":"The STRING Database in 2023: Protein\u2013Protein Association Networks and Functional Enrichment Analyses for Any Sequenced Genome of Interest","volume":"51","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202203-0482OC","article-title":"NRF2 Activation Reprograms Defects in Oxidative Metabolism to Restore Macrophage Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"207","author":"Ryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santarsiero, A., Todisco, S., Convertini, P., De Leonibus, C., and Infantino, V. (2024). Transcriptional Regulation and Function of Malic Enzyme 1 in Human Macrophage Activation. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12092089"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finicelli, M., Digilio, F.A., Galderisi, U., and Peluso, G. (2022). The Emerging Role of Macrophages in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Potential Impact of Oxidative Stress and Extracellular Vesicle on Macrophage Polarization and Function. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030464"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101544","article-title":"Oxidative Stress-Based Therapeutics in COPD","volume":"33","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.035","article-title":"Inducible NOS Inhibition Reverses Tobacco-Smoke-Induced Emphysema and Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice","volume":"147","author":"Seimetz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-133","article-title":"Modulation of Glutaredoxin in the Lung and Sputum of Cigarette Smokers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"7","author":"Peltoniemi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101975","article-title":"Glutaredoxin: Discovery, Redox Defense and Much More","volume":"43","author":"Ogata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0090-y","article-title":"Reducing Protein Oxidation Reverses Lung Fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Anathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Qian, W., Wei, R., Liu, G., Jiang, Q., Sun, Z., and Li, H. (2025). Identification of Novel Lactylation-Related Biomarkers for COPD Diagnosis Through Machine Learning and Experimental Validation. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13082006"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"466","article-title":"The Expression of Peroxiredoxin-6 in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"49","author":"SHEN","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fudan Univ. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.124.4.619","article-title":"Disruption of Epithelial Cell-Matrix Interactions Induces Apoptosis","volume":"124","author":"Frisch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Yi, R., Hong, W., Wang, K., and Chen, Y. (2023). Anoikis Resistance of Small Airway Epithelium Is Involved in the Progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1155478"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07860-1","article-title":"Anoikis Resistance in Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"16","author":"Bravoco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2650","article-title":"Regulation of Alternative Macrophage Activation by Galectin-3","volume":"180","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00425.x","article-title":"Stabilin-1, a Homeostatic Scavenger Receptor with Multiple Functions","volume":"10","author":"Kzhyshkowska","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0512231","article-title":"The Mannose Receptor","volume":"92","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotlyarov, S. (2022). Involvement of the Innate Immune System in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020985"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3155","article-title":"ME1 Regulates NADPH Homeostasis to Promote Gastric Cancer Growth and Metastasis","volume":"78","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koltai, T., and Fliegel, L. (2026). Anoikis: To Die or Not to Die?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020579"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.05.029","article-title":"Anoikis Resistance and Tumor Metastasis","volume":"272","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12263","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S534626","article-title":"Development of Diagnostic and Predictive Models for COPD Based on Anoikis Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-53","article-title":"Role of Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of COPD and Pulmonary Emphysema","volume":"7","author":"Demedts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010070722","article-title":"Circulating Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1\u20133 Isoform Increases Renal Fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Grgurevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C162","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00012.2020","article-title":"Extracellular BMP1 Is the Major Proteinase for COOH-Terminal Proteolysis of Type I Procollagen in Lung Fibroblasts","volume":"320","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba3880","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aba3880","article-title":"BMP-1 Disrupts Cell Adhesion and Enhances TGF-\u03b2 Activation through Cleavage of the Matricellular Protein Thrombospondin-1","volume":"13","author":"Anastasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09557-3","article-title":"BMP1 Is Not Required for Lung Fibrosis in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/08977194.2018.1428966","article-title":"Systemic Inhibition of BMP1-3 Decreases Progression of CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats","volume":"35","author":"Grgurevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1430","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00230.2019","article-title":"BMP1 Inhibitor UK383,367 Attenuates Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation in CKD","volume":"317","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vojtusek, I.K., Laganovic, M., Burek Kamenaric, M., Bulimbasic, S., Hrkac, S., Salai, G., Ivkovic, V., Coric, M., Novak, R., and Grgurevic, L. (2022). First Characterization of ADAMTS-4 in Kidney Tissue and Plasma of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease & mdash;A Potential Novel Diagnostic Indicator. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030648"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Stefano, A., Rosani, U., Levra, S., Gnemmi, I., Brun, P., Maniscalco, M., D\u2019Anna, S.E., Carriero, V., Bertolini, F., and Ricciardolo, F.L.M. (2023). Bone Morphogenic Proteins and Their Antagonists in the Lower Airways of Stable COPD Patients. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12101304"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/6\/931\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T14:02:59Z","timestamp":1774274579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/6\/931"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16060931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16060931","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]}}}