{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:19:48Z","timestamp":1789154388272,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University","award":["0125PK\u04180123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0125PK\u04180123"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory liver disease that, if not diagnosed and treated promptly, leads to cirrhosis and liver failure. Data on AIH in Central Asia, including Kazakhstan, remain limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical profile of AIH in a Kazakhstani patient cohort, determine the timeliness of diagnosis, and develop an interpretable machine learning model for detecting liver fibrosis based on routine clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A retrospective observational study of adult patients with a diagnosis of AIH between 2015 and 2025 was conducted. Demographic, laboratory, instrumental, and histological data of patients with AIH were extracted from medical records. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0. Results: The study included 240 patients with a mean age of 49.3 \u00b1 14.3 years; 87.1% of patients were women. The Random Forest model showed the best results: ROC-AUC of 0.803 \u00b1 0.057, PR-AUC of 0.868 \u00b1 0.044, Brier of 0.180 \u00b1 0.017, sensitivity of 0.816, and specificity of 0.641. SHAP analysis confirmed that platelet count, age, INR, disease duration, and bilirubin and albumin levels made the greatest contribution to the prognosis. Conclusions: This retrospective observational study of AIH in Kazakhstan identified a patient population characterized by late diagnosis and advanced disease stages at presentation, a high frequency of overlapping autoimmune liver diseases, and a significant burden of metabolic and extrahepatic autoimmune comorbidities. The results demonstrate that an interpretable machine learning model based on routine biomarkers can effectively detect fibrosis and provide clinically interpretable risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16070974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:57:34Z","timestamp":1774447054000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Use\u00a0of Machine Learning in Predicting the Risk of Cirrhosis in Autoimmune Hepatitis Based on Clinical and Immunological Indicators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazugum","family":"Ashimova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Metabolism \u201cInterna Clinic\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aigul","family":"Raissova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Metabolism \u201cInterna Clinic\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmira","family":"Kuantay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Metabolism \u201cInterna Clinic\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moldir","family":"Khozhakhmedova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Metabolism \u201cInterna Clinic\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurgul","family":"Aldabergenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Metabolism \u201cInterna Clinic\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8553-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madina","family":"Suleimenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI and Big Data Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuat","family":"Abzaliyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI and Big Data Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7458-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassyrova","family":"Nargiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Kazakhstan-Russian Medical University, Almaty 050004, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruslan","family":"Kulmanbetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8601-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Nersesov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Metabolism \u201cInterna Clinic\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.01.021","article-title":"Au-toimmune hepatitis: Brighton Collaboration case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety data","volume":"42","author":"Kochhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.041","article-title":"Systematic review of response criteria and endpoints in autoimmune hepatitis by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group","volume":"76","author":"Pape","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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