{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:47:00Z","timestamp":1790567220004,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015690","name":"Universitas Padjadjaran","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4303\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4303\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015690","name":"Universitas Padjadjaran","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3927\/UN6. RKT\/HK.07.00\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3927\/UN6. RKT\/HK.07.00\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["4303\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4303\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xqf8t64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["3927\/UN6. RKT\/HK.07.00\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3927\/UN6. RKT\/HK.07.00\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xqf8t64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a severe tropical infectious disease associated with high mortality in endemic regions. Early diagnosis remains challenging because conventional diagnostic methods, including culture, serological assays, and molecular techniques, have limitations in sensitivity, specificity, processing time, and accessibility in resource-limited settings. This review evaluates current diagnostic approaches and highlights the potential of short peptide biomarkers for improving melioidosis detection. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) covering publications from 2000 to 2024. Relevant studies were identified using predefined keywords related to melioidosis diagnostics, biomarkers, and peptide-based approaches, and were screened based on relevance to diagnostic methods and peptide biomarker development in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Results: Several biomarkers have been investigated for melioidosis diagnostics, including capsular polysaccharide (CPS), type III secretion system 1 (TTS1), and other virulence-associated proteins such as Hcp1 and BPSS1187. Among these, CPS and TTS1 are highly conserved and specific targets widely used in molecular and antigen-based detection methods. Short peptide epitopes derived from these antigens demonstrate promising advantages over whole proteins, including improved stability, high specificity, easier synthesis, and reduced production costs. Advances in epitope prediction technologies and peptide-based biosensors have further expanded the potential applications of short peptides in rapid diagnostic platforms, including ELISA, lateral flow immunoassays, and biosensor-based detection systems. Conclusions: Short peptide\u2013based biomarkers represent a promising strategy for developing rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic tools for melioidosis, particularly in endemic and resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16081247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:10:44Z","timestamp":1776787844000},"page":"1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Current Melioidosis Diagnostic Landscape and Missed Opportunities in Biomarker Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sri Agung Fitri","family":"Kusuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4706-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santi Rukminita","family":"Anggraeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qurnia Wulan","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neng Tanty","family":"Sofyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.113","article-title":"Melioidosis in Africa: Should we be looking more closely?","volume":"10","author":"Birnie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinmetz, I., Wagner, G.E., Kanyala, E., Sawadogo, M., Soumeya, H., and Teferi, M. 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