{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:05:22Z","timestamp":1777367122749,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Miniprobe endoscopic ultrasonography (mEUS) combines high-resolution imaging of the gastrointestinal (GI) wall and bile ducts with ease of applicability during routine endoscopy. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of known and emerging fields of application for mEUS in gastrointestinal endoscopy. After its initial development in pancreatobiliary scenarios in the early 1990s, mEUS has been recently reconsidered a third-space endoscopic technique that is progressively developing and spreading for the treatment of early gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions. The high spatial resolution of mEUS provides an accurate assessment of the degree of submucosal invasion in early esophageal, gastric, and colorectal neoplasia, while the small caliber of catheters allows for mEUS employment in settings where standard echoendoscopes are impractical (e.g., severe stenoses or proximal colonic lesions). Beyond cancer staging, mEUS offers point-of-care characterization of subepithelial lesions by defining the layer of origin and echo-pattern, eventually defining endoscopic resectability, but definitive diagnosis remains histological. In pancreatobiliary diseases, miniprobe intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) shows its strongest application for indeterminate biliary strictures when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-based sampling strategies and brushing cytology show inconclusive diagnoses, and in choledocholithiasis, particularly for the detection of small stones\/sludge and confirmation of duct clearance. IDUS is also valuable for the staging of ampullary tumors, for longitudinal extension mapping in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and for selected portal biliopathy scenarios. Overall, mEUS and IDUS are high-resolution adjuncts that can meaningfully refine local decision-making in the treatment of superficial epithelial\/subepithelial tumors or lesions involving the bile ducts. Limitations include shallow penetration, lack of tissue acquisition capability, a relative increase in post-ERCP pancreatitis risk for intraductal use, and substantial cost with limited availability in lower-volume centers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16091316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1777362576000},"page":"1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Frequency Miniprobe Endoscopic Ultrasonography Across the Gastrointestinal Tract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bombaci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0895-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Bruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"H\u00f4pital Prive Armand Brillard, CEI Centre Endoscopie Interventionnelle, 94130 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Pavanato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Dell\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Division, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Vito","family":"Mandarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, San Pio Hospital, 82100 Benevento, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7724-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Lisotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital of Imola, University of Bologna, 40026\u00a0Imola, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4397-9314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Fusaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital of Imola, University of Bologna, 40026\u00a0Imola, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3323-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Henry","family":"Eusebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Barbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1870-5952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Cecinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1009047","article-title":"A New Miniature Ultrasonic Probe for Gastrointestinal Scanning: Feasibility and Preliminary Results","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01832.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Miniprobe Sonography: The Current Status","volume":"95","author":"Menzel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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