{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:12:53Z","timestamp":1789661573122,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CCCDI-UEFISCDI","award":["PN-IV-P7-7.1-PED-2024-0959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-IV-P7-7.1-PED-2024-0959"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Accurate intraoperative tumour localisation remains challenging in minimally invasive colorectal surgery, where conventional tattooing methods suffer from marker migration, tissue diffusion, and potential allergic reactions. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology offers a promising alternative through implantable passive transponders detectable via electromagnetic coupling, eliminating ionising radiation exposure. Methods: This preclinical feasibility study evaluated three RFID frequency bands for surgical tumour marking: 134 kHz (low frequency, LF), 13.56 MHz (high frequency, HF), and 868 MHz (ultra-high frequency, UHF). Finite element electromagnetic simulations characterised antenna field distributions, while experimental validation employed glass-encapsulated transponders in air and tissue-simulating saline (0.9% NaCl, \u03c3 \u2248 1.5 S\/m). Detection ranges were measured across 28 angular configurations with expanded measurement uncertainty (k = 2) ranging from \u00b10.9 to \u00b13.2 mm. Results: Maximum detection distances in air were 25.0 \u00b1 0.9 mm (LF), 23.0 \u00b1 1.1 mm (HF), and 68.0 \u00b1 2.3 mm (UHF). In saline, ranges decreased to 22.5 \u00b1 1.0 mm, 20.7 \u00b1 1.2 mm, and 18.0 \u00b1 1.4 mm, respectively, demonstrating tissue attenuation of 10% at LF\/HF vs. 74% at UHF. Angular characterisation revealed 64\u201370% range reduction at orthogonal orientation for LF\/HF systems. Computational\u2013experimental correlation yielded r2 = 0.975 across 154 paired observations. Conclusions: The 13.56 MHz HF band emerges as the optimal candidate for clinical translation, offering adequate tissue penetration (20.7 mm), superior antenna miniaturisation potential (5 mm diameter), established biocompatibility pathways, and mature near-field communication ecosystem support. Future development should address angular sensitivity through multi-axis antenna configurations and validation in anatomically realistic tissue phantoms. This study establishes the electromagnetic evidence base for clinical system development; translation to clinical practice requires sequential preclinical and clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16091318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:55:39Z","timestamp":1777370139000},"page":"1318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["RFID Technology for Intraoperative Localisation of Small Colorectal Tumours: Electromagnetic Analysis and Experimental Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2488-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Mocan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design Engineering and Robotics, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Mocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea","family":"Fulea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design Engineering and Robotics, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6206-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea","family":"Murar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design Engineering and Robotics, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Mate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circuit Design, Tehnologistic, 407035 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2779-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Calborean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donath Street, No 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile Virgil","family":"Bintintan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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