{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T21:09:26Z","timestamp":1778533766304,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Clinical Significance: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an autosomal codominant disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the SERPINA1 gene, resulting in reduced circulating alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) or production of dysfunctional protein. AAT is the principal inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, and its deficiency leads to unchecked proteolytic activity, progressive destruction of lung parenchyma, and increased susceptibility to infections. Severe deficiency, particularly in individuals homozygous for the Z allele (PI*ZZ), predisposes to early-onset panacinar emphysema, chronic airflow obstruction, and liver disease. Despite its clinical relevance, AATD remains markedly underdiagnosed and is frequently misclassified as smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), delaying access to disease-modifying therapy, genetic counselling, and preventive strategies. Early recognition is therefore essential to improve outcomes. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 68-year-old ex-smoker with a long-standing diagnosis of \u201cCOPD\u201d who presented with acute-on-chronic type 2 respiratory failure and community-acquired pneumonia. Spirometry revealed severe airflow obstruction, and high-resolution computed tomography demonstrated extensive basilar panlobular emphysema, raising suspicion for AATD. Serum AAT concentration was critically low at 26.8 mg\u00b7dL\u22121, and isoelectric focusing confirmed a PI*ZZ phenotype. Next-generation sequencing identified homozygosity for the SERPINA1 c.1096G&gt;A (Z) variant, with no additional pathogenic alleles. Cascade family screening revealed multiple heterozygous PI*MZ relatives. Before augmentation therapy could be initiated, the patient developed severe Legionella pneumophila pneumonia with secondary bacterial superinfection, progressing to refractory septic shock and death. Conclusions: This case illustrates how AATD can masquerade as smoking-related COPD for years, leading to missed opportunities for timely intervention. It underscores the importance of testing all adults with COPD or refractory asthma at least once, regardless of age or smoking history. Early diagnosis enables initiation of augmentation therapy, targeted vaccination, lifestyle modification, and genetic counselling, ultimately improving prognosis and reducing preventable morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16091329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:43:51Z","timestamp":1777448631000},"page":"1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Delayed Diagnosis of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency in an Elderly Patient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Ragnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Pochetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xheni","family":"Veselagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1246-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Malerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.015018","article-title":"Update on alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Ferrarotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"00171","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in Europe: An expert survey","volume":"5","author":"Canotilho","year":"2019","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20406223211015954","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223211015954","article-title":"Variants of SERPINA1 and the increasing complexity of testing for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"12","author":"Foil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. 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