{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:48:45Z","timestamp":1785408525887,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016247","name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["896-000-53-54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896-000-53-54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["896-000-53-54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896-000-53-54"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cs8k179","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The range of possible inflammatory changes in the oral cavity and in the maxillary and mandibular bones may present with diverse patterns and characteristics in both clinical and radiological evaluation. In most cases, a standard radiological examination, such as dental panoramic radiograph (DPR), has significant limitations in assessing early or complex bone changes associated with chronic bone inflammation. Advanced imaging with multidetector computed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography (MDCT or CBCT) can improve lesion characterization and surgical planning when a detailed evaluation of tooth-bearing structures, tooth apices, cortical plates, and cancellous bone is required. Such imaging allows more detailed assessment of alterations in medullary bone morphology and architecture, as well as identification of possible periosteal reactions adjacent to chronic bone inflammation. Osteomyelitis of the jaws comprises a heterogeneous group of inflammatory bone disorders characterized by variable clinical presentations and a broad spectrum of radiological appearances. Depending on disease chronicity, host factors, and microbial burden, mandibular osteomyelitis may mimic odontogenic tumors, fibro-osseous lesions, or malignant bone pathologies. Quite often, dental treatment affects bone status and condition, leading to unwanted events such as bone inflammation. Imaging plays a central role in diagnosis; however, radiographic findings are often nonspecific, particularly in early or chronic stages. Each case of osteomyelitis underscores the importance of correlating imaging findings with clinical history and highlights the role of repeated imaging in distinguishing inflammatory bone disease from aggressive jaw lesions. This study aims to characterize diverse patterns of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis associated with various prior treatment modalities using CBCT. By presenting a series of illustrative cases from heterogeneous clinical settings, the authors highlight the nonspecific radiographic features and diagnostic challenges inherent in chronic bone inflammation. The focus remains on the interpretation of complex imaging findings rather than a comparative analysis of technical protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16101427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T14:05:46Z","timestamp":1778162746000},"page":"1427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Clinical and Radiological Findings in Chronic Mandibular Osteomyelitis Do Not Always Correlate: Diagnostic Dilemmas in Dental-Related Bone Inflammations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Nelke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillo-Facial Surgery Ward, EMC Hospital, Pilczycka 144, 54-144 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Academy of Applied Sciences, Health Department, Academy of Silesius in Wa\u0142brzych, Zamkowa 4, 58-300 Wa\u0142brzych, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0628-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer","family":"Uranbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5378-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece","family":"G\u00fclba\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1031-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"Ekinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-0649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burcu","family":"G\u00fcrsoytrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7738-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Rosa","family":"Caso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Aldo Moro, 2-Siena SI, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8180-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Gontarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Maxillo-Facial Surgery Clinic, University Hospital in Cracow, Macieja Jakubowskiego 2 Street (Nowy Prokocim), 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-2271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Janeczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska 1, 51-631 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0682-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kuropka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Cypriana K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2368-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Dobrzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1170","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000011222","article-title":"Aggressive Osteomyelitis of the Jaw Masquerading as Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. 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