{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:07:51Z","timestamp":1791230871989,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia","award":["26UQU4310470GSSR01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26UQU4310470GSSR01"]}]},{"award":["26UQU4310470GSSR01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26UQU4310470GSSR01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xjqrm90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human metapneumovirus or HMPV is an important respiratory pathogen of public health significance that primarily affects the immunocompromised, the very old, and young infants. However, recent studies have long since dispelled the idea that healthy adults are not at risk for serious sequelae, though it seems that HMPV has a particular affinity to infect children rather than adults. HMPV was first identified in 2001 and is implicated in a range of respiratory illnesses, from less severe upper respiratory infections to more severe pneumonia. This review compiles the recent literature on the epidemiology, molecular virology, and clinical characteristics of HMPV with an emphasis on, importantly, the virus\u2019s significant contribution to respiratory morbidity and the requirement for better diagnostic capabilities and public health measures against this very much underappreciated viral pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16101444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:50:52Z","timestamp":1778496652000},"page":"1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Advances in Diagnosis, Molecular Epidemiology, and Clinical Impact of an Underrecognized Respiratory Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Haseeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salwa Qasim","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8963-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zinab","family":"Alatawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7140-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad J.","family":"Mahrous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud E.","family":"Elrggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Al Qunfudah Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfudhah 28821, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Atoom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19111, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7374-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin N.","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3368-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Kotb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.09.035","article-title":"The role of human metapneumovirus in the critically ill adult patient","volume":"31","author":"Hasvold","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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