{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:13:26Z","timestamp":1785413606710,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00afdp487","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hungry bone syndrome (HBS) is a frequent and potentially life-threatening complication following parathyroidectomy (PTX) for secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in dialysis patients, yet existing prediction tools offer limited discriminative accuracy. This study aimed to develop and internally validate an interpretable machine learning (ML) framework for preoperative HBS prediction and to derive a pragmatic bedside risk score from ML-derived feature importance. Methods: Ninety end-stage renal disease patients who underwent PTX for drug-refractory SHPT at a single center (2019\u20132023) were analyzed. Eight supervised ML classifiers were trained on 24 preoperative features (19 raw variables plus 5 engineered features) and evaluated under 5-fold stratified cross-validation repeated 10 times. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was applied for model interpretability, and a composite bedside risk score was constructed from SHAP-derived feature rankings. Results: HBS occurred in 41 patients (45.6%). Random forest achieved the numerically highest discrimination among multi-feature models (AUC = 0.933 \u00b1 0.065), outperforming previously published models, though univariate alkaline phosphatase (ALP) alone achieved a comparable cross-validated AUC of 0.958. ALP overwhelmingly dominated all predictors (mean |SHAP| = 3.37, exceeding the next-ranked feature by approximately 6.5-fold). Partial dependence analysis revealed a sigmoid-shaped ALP\u2013HBS relationship with a critical inflection zone between 250\u2013350 U\/L, and SHAP dependence plots demonstrated that total parathyroidectomy amplifies ALP-mediated risk. A SHAP-guided composite bedside risk score (range 0\u20139) achieved an AUC of 0.883, with observed HBS rates rising monotonically from 0% (score 0) to 100% (score \u2265 6). Decision-curve analysis showed that univariate ALP and the multi-feature pipeline yielded comparable net benefit, with ALP preferable in the high-sensitivity regime and the multi-feature model preferable at high-specificity thresholds; net reclassification improvement was negative for the multi-feature model vs. univariate ALP, supporting the framework\u2019s role as an interpretive rather than discriminative advance. Conclusions: An interpretable ML framework substantially improves HBS prediction over conventional models, confirms ALP as the overwhelmingly dominant predictor through a nonlinear dose\u2013response relationship, and yields a clinically interpretable bedside risk score that, pending external validation, may support preoperative risk stratification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16101469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:33:37Z","timestamp":1778589217000},"page":"1469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting Hungry Bone Syndrome with Interpretable Machine Learning: A Single-Center Cohort of Dialysis Patients Undergoing Parathyroidectomy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Adelina","family":"Baloi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department X\u2014Surgery II, Discipline Anesthesia and Intensive Care, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorel","family":"Sandesc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department X\u2014Surgery II, Discipline Anesthesia and Intensive Care, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6567-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talida Georgiana","family":"Cut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Caprariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XV, Discipline of Radiology and Medical Imaging, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2520-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorin","family":"Novacescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department II of Microscopic Morphology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8933-3060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina-Stefania","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department II of Microscopic Morphology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina Cristina","family":"Barb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department II of Microscopic Morphology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1790-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"Dumache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VIII, Discipline of Forensic Medicine, Bioethics, Deontology and Medical Law, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6904-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Banov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Surgical Nephrology, Nicolae Testemitanu State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Birlutiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Voichita Elena","family":"Lazureanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Zara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department II of Microscopic Morphology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06040710","article-title":"Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Pathogenesis, Disease Progression, and Therapeutic Options","volume":"6","author":"Cunningham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217849"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/10\/1469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:10:37Z","timestamp":1778591437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/10\/1469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16101469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16101469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]}}}