{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:18:28Z","timestamp":1790882308444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Research Council of Lithuania","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["S-MIP-23-96"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-MIP-23-96"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["S-MIP-23-96"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-MIP-23-96"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gs16m83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study explores the roles of kynurenine and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in modulating gut microbiota and their potential implications for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). By examining the interplay between these metabolites and the microbiome, we aim to uncover novel pathways that may influence the pathogenesis of AMD. Understanding these associations could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches for managing this leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. To investigate the roles of kynurenine and 5-HTP, alongside the composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiota, in patients with exudative AMD. Methods: Blood metabolite profiling was performed using LC\u2013MS\u2013based metabolomics. Metabolites were extracted with cold methanol\/water containing internal standards, filtered through a 10 kDa cutoff filter, separated on a ZIC-HILIC HPLC column, and detected using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Metabolites were identified using MZmine 2 software. Results: Patients with exudative AMD exhibited a profound systemic shift in tryptophan metabolism, characterized by significantly lower plasma levels of 5-HTP and higher levels of kynurenine compared to control subjects (p &lt; 0.001 for both). Logistic regression analysis confirmed that both metabolites were independent predictors of AMD status; higher kynurenine levels were associated with increased disease probability, while higher 5-HTP levels demonstrated a protective effect. The kynurenine\/5-HTP ratio emerged as a robust biomarker, achieving an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85 with an optimal threshold of 3.43 (74.1% sensitivity, 84.4% specificity). When integrated with age and gender, the diagnostic performance of the model reached an excellent AUC of 0.92. After adjusting for demographic factors, the kynurenine\/5-HTP ratio remained a potent independent risk factor, with each unit increase associated with a 6.30-fold increase in the odds of exudative AMD. Conclusions: Exudative AMD is characterized by a shift in tryptophan metabolism toward the kynurenine pathway, with decreased 5-HTP, increased kynurenine, and an elevated kynurenine\/5-HTP ratio. This ratio showed a strong independent association with AMD and excellent diagnostic performance, highlighting its potential as a biomarker and its role in disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16101475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:46:55Z","timestamp":1778676415000},"page":"1475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Kynurenine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan in Modulating Microbiota and Their Implications in Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0427-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvita","family":"Vilkeviciute-Petraite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6654-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akvile","family":"Bruzaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dzastina","family":"Cebatoriene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Zaliuniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4584-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rokas","family":"Lukosevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Gastroenterology, Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurgita","family":"Skieceviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Gastroenterology, Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8760-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juozas","family":"Kupcinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Gastroenterology, Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5395-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasa","family":"Liutkeviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.11.069","article-title":"The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"137","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. 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