{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:07:02Z","timestamp":1778839622667,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Furcation defects pose a significant challenge in the diagnosis and treatment planning of periodontal diseases. Accurate clinical identification of furcation involvement is essential for improving treatment outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of various artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in detecting furcation defects (FD) in mandibular molars. Methods: A total of 654 panoramic radiographs were randomly selected from patients who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology at the Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University. Each image was labeled as either \u201chealthy\u201d or \u201cFD\u201d and subsequently preprocessed. The performance of different deep learning algorithms in identifying FD was subsequently evaluated. Results: In the classification models employed, the highest scores were calculated as accuracy 97.9%, precision 97.10%, sensitivity 97.08%, and F1 score 97.09% in the Xception model. In the segmentation tests, the highest scores were calculated as accuracy 99.96%, precision 99.26%, sensitivity 97.57%, and F1 score 98.41% in the ENet model. Conclusions: Results of this study indicated that the use of artificial intelligence systems in detecting furcation involvement in mandibular molar teeth in panoramic radiography images is promising. Further studies covering larger data sets, including maxillary molar teeth, will increase the success rates in detecting furcation involvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16101500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T08:50:12Z","timestamp":1778835012000},"page":"1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accuracy of Deep Learning Models in Detecting Mandibular Furcation Defects on Panoramic Radiographs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Meric","family":"Kurumlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periofontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Karacaoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periofontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8056-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00fcr\u00fcvvet","family":"Kalkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ankara University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4998-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irem","family":"Ulku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ankara University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0792-7306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdem","family":"Akagunduz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Modelling and Simulation, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dento Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Oral Radiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Carranza, F.A., Newman, M.G., and Takei, H.H. 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