{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:13:55Z","timestamp":1785420835019,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Germany"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rdrb571","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/objectives: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a neurosurgical emergency associated with cerebral vasospasm, representing an important complication. This study assessed the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cerebral vasospasm after aSAH. Methods: This prospective single-center observational study with repeated measurements included 56 patients among 74 screened patients with aSAH; 18 patients were excluded according to predefined exclusion criteria, including infection, unavailable CSF samples or requirement for CSF diversion within the first seven days of onset. The samples were obtained via lumbar puncture on post-hemorrhage days 3 and 7. IL-6 was quantified using an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Radiological vasospasm (RV) was assessed by computed tomography angiography, while clinical vasospasm (CCV) was defined as new neurological deterioration unexplained by other causes. Results: Median IL-6 levels were 423.5 pg\/mL on day 3 and 726.0 pg\/mL on day 7. Day 7 IL-6 levels were associated with RV (p = 0.045) and CCV (p = 0.010), while day 3 IL-6 was associated with CCV only (p = 0.035). Day 7 IL-6 showed modest discriminatory performance for CCV: AUC = 0.722, cut-off 460 pg\/mL, sensitivity 75.0%, and specificity 68.8%; for RV: AUC = 0.659, cut-off 451 pg\/mL, sensitivity 81.8%, and specificity 56.5%. Conclusions: Elevated CSF IL-6 levels were associated with cerebral vasospasm after aSAH, with a more consistent association observed for CCV than for RV; however, these findings are hypothesis-generating and require validation before clinical applicability can be determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16111690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:09:16Z","timestamp":1780301356000},"page":"1690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Detection of Cerebral Vasospasm Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by IL-6 Electrochemiluminescence Analysis of the Cerebrospinal Fluid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adi","family":"Ahmetspahic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Medical School, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4548-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ema","family":"Selimovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5126-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faruk","family":"Alagic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital \u201cDr. Irfan Ljubijanki\u0107\u201d, 77000 Biha\u0107, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almaida","family":"Alagic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ermin","family":"Begovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organizational Unit Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Tihic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organizational Unit Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almir","family":"Dzurlic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Medical School, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7962-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razim","family":"Mahmutagic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6123-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirza","family":"Pojskic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Feletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Institute of Neurosurgery, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.117655","article-title":"Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: A systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends","volume":"78","author":"Linn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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