{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:04:23Z","timestamp":1790301863484,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>White dot syndromes (WDS), a purely descriptive term formulated in 1995, grouped inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the choroid that shared the clinical appearance of white dots on fundus examination, thus presenting similar white dots on fundus examination, which, however, had diverse pathophysiologies and different primary localizations of inflammation that did not warrant their association. Some of them, including birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC) and sympathetic ophthalmia, produced predominant inflammation in the choroidal stroma, while others, including multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), caused inflammatory non-perfusion of the choriocapillaris. The aim of this review is to build upon a pathophysiology-based classification framework that groups these entities under the broader concept of non-infectious choroiditis and subdivides them according to their predominant inflammatory mechanisms and anatomical localization. This framework distinguishes diseases characterized by inflammatory occlusion of the choriocapillaris with consequent perfusion dysfunction, including MEWDS, APMPPE, multifocal choroiditis (MFC), and serpiginous choroiditis, from conditions primarily involving inflammatory infiltration of the choroidal stroma, such as birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH), and sympathetic ophthalmia. Moreover, the review raises the question of how such an inadequate term, based on unscientific assumptions, could gain such quick access to ophthalmic practice and literature, be immediately adopted in major textbooks, and persist for so long being unrecognized as a misnomer. The slow and progressive reevaluation of this nomenclature over more than two decades is related and contextualized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16111735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:52:30Z","timestamp":1780573950000},"page":"1735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-Infectious Choroiditis Subdivided into Its Diverse Pathophysiological Sub-Groups Is the Best-Known and Most Appropriate Nomenclature to Date for the Reclassification and Diagnosis of Former White Dot Entities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carl P.","family":"Herbort Jr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory and Retinal Eye Diseases, Center for Ophthalmic Specialised Care (COS), 1003 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukhum","family":"Silpa-archa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok 10500, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8930-5112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Papasavvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory and Retinal Eye Diseases, Center for Ophthalmic Specialised Care (COS), 1003 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Bouchenaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uveitis, Ophthalmology Practice Montchoisy, Rue de Montchoisy 5, 1207 Gen\u00e8ve, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Byszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, 01-045 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7255-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandra","family":"Dorokhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inflammatory Pathology of the Eye, State Institution \u201cThe Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy of the NAMS of Ukraine\u201d, 65000 Odessa, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1935-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Fardeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Reference Centre for Rare Diseases, Lariboisi\u00e8re Hospital, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, University of Paris Cit\u00e9, 75014\u00a0Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Hedayatfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran"},{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran 14535, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6346-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De-Kuang","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yilan County 264018, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9438-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Lages","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Alto Ave (ULSAAVE), 4835-044\u00a0Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jung","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407219, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Program for Precision Health and Intelligent Medicine, Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Papadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedale Evangelico Internazionale, 16100 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Usui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0265-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoji","family":"Yanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleksandra","family":"Zborovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inflammatory Pathology of the Eye, State Institution \u201cThe Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy of the NAMS of Ukraine\u201d, 65000 Odessa, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.9.856","article-title":"Fundal white dots: The spectrum of a similar pathological process","volume":"79","author":"Forrester","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-30661","article-title":"Assessment and classification of choroidal vasculitis in posterior uveitis using indocyanine green angiography","volume":"219","author":"Bouchenaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Klin. Monatsbl\u00e4tter Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pleyer, U., and Mondino, B. (2005). Choroiditis: General considerations and classification. Essentials in Ophthalmology: Uveitis and Immunological Disorders, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pleyer, U., and Mondino, B. (2005). Primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies. Essentials in Ophthalmology: Uveitis and Immunological Disorders, Springer."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pleyer, U., and Mondino, B. (2005). Stromal choroiditis. Essentials in Ophthalmology: Uveitis and Immunological Disorders, Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1299394","article-title":"Classification of choroiditis based on inflammatory lesion process rather than fundus appearance: Enhanced comprehension through the ICGA concepts of the iceberg and jellyfish effects","volume":"229","author":"Herbort","year":"2012","journal-title":"Klin. Monatsbl\u00e4tter Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-02121-4","article-title":"\u201cWhite dot syndromes\u201d, an Inappropriate and outdated misnomer","volume":"42","author":"Neri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_67_24","article-title":"Disease processes and terminology cannot be determined by opinion polls but have to be based on objective facts: The \u201cwhite dots\u201d case","volume":"38","author":"Herbort","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_331_24","article-title":"The potential harmfulness of consensus meetings and\/or opinion surveys in medicine to determine nosological classifications: The \u201cwhite dots\u201d case","volume":"39","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2024.2423870","article-title":"Is it Time to Adopt a New Nomenclature and Classification for White Dot Syndromes Using Multimodal Imaging Techniques? Report 1 from Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Task Force","volume":"33","author":"Fabiani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.06.033","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce. Evidence and Consensus-Based Imaging Guidelines in Noninfectious Posterior Uveitis-Methodology of the Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Project Report 2","volume":"278","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.052","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce. Evidence and Consensus-Based Imaging Guidelines in Serpiginous Choroiditis-Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Task Force Report 4","volume":"278","author":"Agarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.04.018","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Task force. Evidence and Consensus-Based Imaging Guidelines in Multifocal Choroiditis with Panuveitis and Punctate Inner Choroiditis-Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce Report 5","volume":"276","author":"Gangaputra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.06.039","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce. Evidence and Consensus Based Imaging Guidelines in Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome Multimodal imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce Report 6","volume":"278","author":"Munk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.06.029","article-title":"Evidence and Consensus-based Imaging Guidelines in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy: Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce Report 8","volume":"278","author":"Pichi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.029","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Task Force. Minimum Imaging Sets for Diagnosis, Activity Assessment, and Complications in Noninfectious Posterior Uveitis\u2014Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Task Force Report 9","volume":"280","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00274-y","article-title":"Clinicopathology of non-infectious choroiditis: Evolution of its appraisal during the last 2\u20133 decades from \u201cwhite dot syndromes\u201d to precise classification","volume":"11","author":"Herbort","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"456","article-title":"Indocyanine green video-angiographic findings in Harada\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Yuzawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"852","article-title":"Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in Harada disease","volume":"98","author":"Matsunaga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"618","article-title":"A case of multifocal choroiditis associated with progressive subretinal fibrosis","volume":"99","author":"Yamane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"73","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in cases of inflammatory chorioretinopathy","volume":"257","author":"Sallet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Belge. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199506000-00005","article-title":"Indocyanine-green angiography","volume":"6","author":"Slakter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-019-01012-5","article-title":"\u201eWhite-dot-Syndrome\u201c: Grundlagen, Diagnostik und Therapie [White dot syndromes: Principles, diagnostics, and treatment]","volume":"116","author":"Pohlmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbort, C.P., Mantovani, A., Tugal-Tutkun, I., and Papasavvas, I. (2021). Classification of Non-Infectious and\/or Immune Mediated Choroiditis: A Brief Overview of the Essentials. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11060939"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000500077","article-title":"Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis: A Case Series of Successful Tapering of Systemic Immunosuppressants Achieved with Adalimumab","volume":"10","author":"Asano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2019.03.005","article-title":"Cyclosporine and prednisolone combination therapy as a potential therapeutic strategy for relentless placoid chorioretinitis","volume":"14","author":"Uraki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1159\/000442742","article-title":"A Case of Ampiginous Choroiditis","volume":"6","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_100_17","article-title":"Serpiginoid choroiditis associated with presumed ocular tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-022-00282-6","article-title":"Tuberculosis-related serpiginous choroiditis: Aggressive therapy with dual concomitant combination of multiple anti-tubercular and multiple immunosuppressive agents is needed to halt the progression of the disease","volume":"12","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2019.03.002","article-title":"Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy: An infectious or autoimmune disease?","volume":"14","author":"Ormaechea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2024.2320709","article-title":"Herpes-Zoster-Related Choroidopathy\u2014A Report of Two Cases","volume":"32","author":"Weldy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00261-3","article-title":"Multimodal imaging supporting the pathophysiology of white dot syndromes","volume":"11","author":"Testi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000145","article-title":"Imaging in the White Dot Syndromes","volume":"56","author":"Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.ojo_116_24","article-title":"An update of multimodal imaging in white dot syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Sen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oman J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_215_25","article-title":"Opposing pathophysiological concepts in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome: The great MEWDS schism","volume":"39","author":"Herbort","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-025-00542-1","article-title":"Bilateral multiple evanescent white dot syndrome documented and followed by swept-source OCT angiography: A case report","volume":"15","author":"Salameti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2831-z","article-title":"Decreased choroidal blood flow velocity in the pathogenesis of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome","volume":"253","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816925","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6816925","article-title":"Involvement of Inner Choroidal Layer in Choroidal Thinning during Regression of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome","volume":"2019","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4103\/JOCO.JOCO_107_20","article-title":"Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Shows Choriocapillaris Flow Reduction in Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Khochtali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyake, K., Egawa, M., Mitamura, Y., and Yanai, R. (2025). Case report: Two cases of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome with transient night blindness. Front. Ophthalmol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2025.1557294"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papasavvas, I., Mantovani, A., and Herbort, C.P. (2022). Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Differentiation of Inflammatory Diseases of the Outer Retina: Photoreceptoritis versus Choriocapillaritis; A Multimodal Imaging Perspective. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092179"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309764","article-title":"Why birdshot retinochoroiditis should rather be called \u2018HLA-A29 uveitis\u2019?","volume":"101","author":"Herbort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-024-00406-0","article-title":"Retinal vasculitis in HLA-A29 birdshot retinochoroiditis, particularities and imaging narrative of an under-estimated and diagnostic component of the disease","volume":"14","author":"Galand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000002085","article-title":"Optic Disc Edema Is an Under-Recognized Feature of Birdshot Chorioretinitis","volume":"44","author":"Sabapathypillai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-013-9861-0","article-title":"Early and sustained treatment modifies the phenotype of birdshot retinochoroiditis","volume":"34","author":"Knecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90403-7","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in birdshot chorioretinopathy","volume":"106","author":"Fardeau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000967","article-title":"Birdshot Chorioretinitis Lesions on Indocyanine Green Angiography as an Indicator of Disease Activity","volume":"36","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Salmon, J. (2025). Kanski\u2019s Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systemic Approach, Elsevier. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-017-0069-8","article-title":"Multi-modal imaging and anatomic classification of the white dot syndromes","volume":"3","author":"Raven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/11\/1735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:13:20Z","timestamp":1780575200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/11\/1735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16111735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16111735","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}}}