{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T02:00:24Z","timestamp":1781056824801,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL158204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL158204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HL156076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL156076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS123433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS123433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"Institutional Core facilities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10OD018094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD018094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"Institutional Core facilities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA142543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA142543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"Institutional Core facilities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPRIT RP210099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPRIT RP210099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is frequently asymptomatic, requiring non-invasive approaches for disease evaluation and therapy monitoring. This study demonstrates that multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) can non-invasively assess changes in tissue vascular oxygenation and perfusion, respectively, in a mouse hindlimb PAD model, enabling comparison of age-dependent vascular responses. Methods: PAD was induced by cauterization of the femoral artery in young (2 months) and old (18 months) mice, which were imaged using MSOT and LSCI at baseline (Day 0) and on Days 3, 7, and 14 post-surgery. Correlative histology including Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E), Masson\u2019s Trichrome for collagen, and immunofluorescence for CD31 and Ki-67 were performed. Results: Reduced tissue oxygenation was observed by MSOT in the ischemic limb shortly after surgery and faster recovery occurred in young compared to old mice. LSCI revealed time-dependent perfusion recovery in both groups, with consistently better recovery in young mice. Histological analyses confirmed ischemic damage and demonstrated enhanced angiogenesis and cellular proliferation in young muscle tissues. The observations were consistent for each methodology. Conclusions: These results indicate that both MSOT and LSCI serve as effective, non-invasive tools for longitudinal monitoring of muscle injury, capable of revealing age-dependent vascular responses without the need for exogenous contrast agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16121783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:58:12Z","timestamp":1781053092000},"page":"1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating Age-Dependent Oxygenation and Blood Perfusion in a Mouse Model of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Using Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT), Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) and Histology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bushra","family":"Afzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vy","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, 500 UTA Blvd, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7038-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, 500 UTA Blvd, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savannah Qui-Tam","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, 500 UTA Blvd, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, 500 UTA Blvd, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3233-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kytai T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, 500 UTA Blvd, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9731-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph P.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prognostic Imaging Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.04.071","article-title":"Critical Limb Ischemia: An Expert Statement","volume":"68","author":"Shishehbor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2015.10.022","article-title":"The Risk of Disease Progression in Peripheral Arterial Disease is Higher than Expected: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality and Disease Progression in Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"51","author":"Sigvant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae179","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases: Developed by the task force on the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Reference Network on Rare Multisystemic Vascular Diseases (VASCERN), and the European Society of Vascular Medicine (ESVM)","volume":"45","author":"Mazzolai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.033","article-title":"Autologous stem cell therapy for peripheral arterial disease meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature","volume":"209","author":"Fadini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.955724","article-title":"Autologous bone-marrow mononuclear cell implantation reduces long-term major amputation risk in patients with critical limb ischemia: A comparison of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease and Buerger disease","volume":"4","author":"Idei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0028","article-title":"Biomedical photoacoustic imaging","volume":"1","author":"Beard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3925","article-title":"A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060502","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.6.060502","article-title":"Functional photoacoustic microscopy of diabetic vasculature","volume":"17","author":"Krumholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152160","article-title":"Optoacoustic Imaging of Human Vasculature: Feasibility by Using a Handheld Probe","volume":"281","author":"Taruttis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-025-01113-2","article-title":"Emerging Photoacoustic Imaging Techniques for Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-0373","article-title":"Preclinical Applications of Multi-Platform Imaging in Animal Models of Cancer","volume":"81","author":"Serkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., O\u2019Kelly, D., Schuetze, R., Carlson, G., Zhou, H.L., Trawick, M.L., Pinney, K.G., and Mason, R.P. (2021). Non-Invasive Evaluation of Acute Effects of Tubulin Binding Agents: A Review of Imaging Vascular Disruption in Tumors. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0736.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10600-2","article-title":"Current status of optoacoustic breast imaging and future trends in clinical application: Is it ready for prime time?","volume":"34","author":"Ozcan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaw, K., Schultz, S.M., Mohammed, M., Chen, Z., Ashi, K., and Sehgal, C.M. (2018, January 22\u201325). Photoacoustic Imaging for Assessing Flow-Mediated Oxygenation for Peripheral Arterial Disease. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2018.8580057"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2020.100203","article-title":"A sparse deep learning approach for automatic segmentation of human vasculature in multispectral optoacoustic tomography","volume":"20","author":"Chlis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11519","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.29.S1.S11519","article-title":"Photoacoustic imaging of peripheral vessels in extremities by large-scale synthetic matrix array","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2025.06.001","article-title":"Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging of Peripheral Arteries: A Feasibility Study","volume":"51","author":"Chandramoorthi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00240-y","article-title":"Clinical translation of photoacoustic imaging","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2387","article-title":"Light in and sound out: Emerging translational strategies for photoacoustic imaging","volume":"74","author":"Zackrisson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2283507","article-title":"Small-animal whole-body photoacoustic tomography: A review","volume":"61","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300126","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202300126","article-title":"Advances in laser speckle imaging: From qualitative to quantitative hemodynamic assessment","volume":"17","author":"Qureshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2017.10.008","article-title":"A Reliable Mouse Model of Hind limb Gangrene","volume":"48","author":"Parikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Murine model of hindlimb ischemia","volume":"23","author":"Niiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.253823","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Pioglitazone Enhances Therapeutic Neovascularization in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia","volume":"32","author":"Nagahama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Bancroft, J.D., and Gamble, M. (2008). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/0161734619862287","article-title":"Assessment of Age-related Oxygenation Changes in Calf Skeletal Muscle by Photoacoustic Imaging: A Potential Tool for Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"41","author":"Kirkham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.36022","article-title":"Imaging the Landmarks of Vascular Recovery","volume":"10","author":"Hedhli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19841","article-title":"Oxygen Enhanced Optoacoustic Tomography (OE-OT) Reveals Vascular Dynamics in Murine Models of Prostate Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2021.100283","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography of lipid and hemoglobin contrast in human carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Karlas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00801-1","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a non-invasive optoacoustic imaging biomarker for detection of patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"5","author":"Caranovic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.418397","article-title":"Photoacoustic imaging of the spatial distribution of oxygen saturation in an ischemia-reperfusion model in humans","volume":"12","author":"Merdasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishii, T., Takabe, S., Yanagawa, Y., Ohshima, Y., Kagawa, Y., Shibata, A., and Oyama, K. (2019). Laser Doppler blood flowmeter as a useful instrument for the early detection of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease in hemodialysis patients: An observational study. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1653-y"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8633","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.517219","article-title":"Glutaredoxin-1 up-regulation induces soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, attenuating post-ischemia limb revascularization","volume":"289","author":"Murdoch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105528","article-title":"Noncontact monitoring of the peripheral microcirculation using laser speckle contrast imaging to evaluate the skin perfusion pressure","volume":"26","author":"Hsieh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000079225.50817.71","article-title":"Impaired arteriogenic response to acute hindlimb ischemia in CD4-knockout mice","volume":"108","author":"Stabile","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00070.2010","article-title":"Strain-dependent variation in collateral circulatory function in mouse hindlimb","volume":"42","author":"Chalothorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000202677.55012.a0","article-title":"Impact of mouse strain differences in innate hindlimb collateral vasculature","volume":"26","author":"Helisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.1.111","article-title":"Age-dependent impairment of angiogenesis","volume":"99","author":"Rivard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.102017","article-title":"Protocol for the induction of hindlimb ischemia and isolation of muscle endothelial cells in mice","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.060","article-title":"Towards a more relevant hind limb model of muscle ischaemia","volume":"227","author":"Lotfi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.274175","article-title":"The impact of ageing on adipose structure, function and vasculature in the B6D2F1 mouse: Evidence of significant multisystem dysfunction","volume":"592","author":"Donato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holman, C.D., Sakers, A.P., Calhoun, R.P., Cheng, L., Fein, E.C., Jacobs, C., Tsai, L., Rosen, E.D., and Seale, P. (2024). Aging impairs cold-induced beige adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolic reprogramming. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87756.2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herold, J., and Kalucka, J. (2021). Angiogenesis in Adipose Tissue: The Interplay Between Adipose and Endothelial Cells. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.624903"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0059-4","article-title":"Inflammaging: A new immune\u2013metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Franceschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14532","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14532","article-title":"Cellular senescence mediates fibrotic pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Schafer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12685","article-title":"Iron accumulation in skeletal muscles of old mice is associated with impaired regeneration after ischaemia-reperfusion damage","volume":"12","author":"Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6tz, P., Braumandl, A., K\u00fcbler, M., Kumaraswami, K., Ishikawa-Ankerhold, H., Lasch, M., and Deindl, E. (2021). C3 Deficiency Leads to Increased Angiogenesis and Elevated Pro-Angiogenic Leukocyte Recruitment in Ischemic Muscle Tissue. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115800"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000071347.69358.D9","article-title":"Signal transduction pathways mediated by PECAM-1: New roles for an old molecule in platelet and vascular cell biology","volume":"23","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarina, K.Z., and Pilmane, M. (2022). Expression of Markers Ki-67, Nestin, VEGF, CD34 and Apoptosis in Relatively Healthy Lung Tissue with Non-Changed and Metaplastic Bronchial Epithelium. Med. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci11010007"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-023-09891-8","article-title":"Aging impairs the ability of vascular endothelial stem cells to generate endothelial cells in mice","volume":"26","author":"Shimizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.303565","article-title":"Modulating the vascular response to limb ischemia: Angiogenic and cell therapies","volume":"116","author":"Cooke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alique, M., S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, E., Bodega, G., Giannarelli, C., Carracedo, J., and Ram\u00edrez, R. (2020). Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1\u03b1: The Master Regulator of Endothelial Cell Senescence in Vascular Aging. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010195"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.246116","article-title":"Effects of aging on angiogenesis","volume":"110","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7051","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102236","article-title":"Effects of age-dependent changes in cell size on endothelial cell proliferation and senescence through YAP1","volume":"11","author":"Mammoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00906-w","article-title":"Endothelial senescence in vascular diseases: Current understanding and future opportunities in senotherapeutics","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2009.07.002","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and aging: An update","volume":"9","author":"Herrera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60352-4","article-title":"Development of a two-stage limb ischemia model to better simulate human peripheral artery disease","volume":"10","author":"Krishna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.02.010","article-title":"Diagnostic modalities in peripheral artery disease","volume":"39","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.10.134","article-title":"Advances in diagnostic imaging for peripheral arterial disease","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036021","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.3.036021","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography at 64, 128, and 256 channels","volume":"19","author":"Dima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2018.04.003","article-title":"A light-fluence-independent method for the quantitative analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced multispectral optoacoustic tomography (DCE MSOT)","volume":"10","author":"Hupple","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0573","article-title":"Current and Emerging Clinical Applications of Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) in Oncology","volume":"22","author":"McNally","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01149-4","article-title":"Ultrafast longitudinal imaging of haemodynamics via single-shot volumetric photoacoustic tomography with a single-element detector","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01247-x","article-title":"A fast all-optical 3D photoacoustic scanner for clinical vascular imaging","volume":"9","author":"Huynh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvsvf.2025.06.003","article-title":"Imaging Characterisation of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Scoping Review on Current Classifications and New Insights Brought by Artificial Intelligence","volume":"64","author":"Lareyre","year":"2025","journal-title":"EJVES Vasc. Forum"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/12\/1783\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T01:17:22Z","timestamp":1781054242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/16\/12\/1783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics16121783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics16121783","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}