{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:55:28Z","timestamp":1781664928225,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Therapeutic resistance following cyclin-dependent kinase 4\/6 inhibitor (CDK4\/6i) plus endocrine therapy (ET) represents a key unmet need in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+\/HER2\u2212) metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Treatment paradigms have advanced from non-targeted options, such as fulvestrant monotherapy or everolimus-based combinations, to precision medicine strategies, including inhibitors of the PI3K\/AKT pathway, oral selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), and novel ER-modulating agents, often guided by biomarkers and molecular surveillance. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from randomized clinical trials, real-world studies, and biomarker-driven analyses published from 2010 to 2026, with emphasis on next-generation sequencing (NGS)-guided genomic profiling, targeted pathway therapies, and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)-based proactive interventions in the post-CDK4\/6i setting. This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the SANRA recommendations for narrative reviews. Results: Early second-line standards, including fulvestrant and alpelisib for PIK3CA-mutated tumors, established the basis for biomarker-guided treatment in hormone receptor\u2013positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. With the widespread use of CDK4\/6 inhibitors in the first-line setting, the optimal post-progression strategy has shifted toward molecularly selected combination approaches rather than single-agent endocrine therapy, as endocrine monotherapy has shown limited efficacy in acquired resistance. Multiple randomized studies have demonstrated that adding targeted agents to endocrine therapy improves progression-free survival compared with hormonal therapy alone, supporting combination regimens as the preferred strategy after CDK4\/6 inhibitor progression, except in carefully selected patients with low disease burden, indolent biology, or frailty where tolerability is a major concern. Precision-based trials have further refined this approach. Elacestrant improved progression-free survival in ESR1-mutated disease in the EMERALD trial, capivasertib plus fulvestrant demonstrated significant benefit in tumors harboring AKT\/PIK3CA\/PTEN pathway alterations in CAPItello-291, and inavolisib plus palbociclib and fulvestrant achieved both progression-free and overall survival improvement in PIK3CA-mutated patients with early relapse in INAVO120. Real-world analyses further support the effectiveness of these biomarker-directed strategies across diverse clinical subgroups. Comprehensive genomic profiling has identified multiple resistance mechanisms, including ESR1 mutations, PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway activation, RB1 loss, and FGFR alterations, which may co-occur and reduce sensitivity to endocrine monotherapy. While ESR1 and PI3K pathway alterations now guide approved therapies, FGFR alterations remain investigational targets, with ongoing trials evaluating selective FGFR inhibitors. Proactive switching approaches evaluated in SERENA-6 and PADA-1 demonstrate that serial circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) monitoring can detect emergent ESR1 mutations before radiographic progression, providing a clinically actionable lead time for early therapeutic modification and extending endocrine-based disease control by approximately 5 to 7 months. Conclusions: Post-CDK4\/6i management increasingly relies on NGS-guided precision approaches, integrating pathway-specific therapies and ctDNA surveillance to tailor sequencing based on resistance profiles, prior ET response, and tumor heterogeneity. Future investigations into novel ER degraders and multi-targeted combinations hold potential to further optimize algorithms, extend non-chemotherapy options, and enhance survival in HR+\/HER2\u2212 mBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16121790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:25:17Z","timestamp":1781083517000},"page":"1790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-CDK4\/6 Inhibitor Therapeutic Approaches in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer: Current Evidence and Emerging Strategies\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humaid O.","family":"Al-Shamsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Al Juwais, Al Qusaidat, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman P.O. Box 4184, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Emirates Oncology Society, Dubai P.O Box 6600, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Abdelwahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddig Ibrahim","family":"Abdelwahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawada","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Abyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0974-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Rafii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai P.O. Box 505004, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Otsmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dima Abdul","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Abdellatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faryal","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudhasir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 92510, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hampig","family":"Kourie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5076, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kefah","family":"Mokbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London W1U 5NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbeck, N., Brufsky, A., Rose, C.G., Korytowsky, B., Chen, C., Tantakoun, K., Jazexhi, E., Nguyen, D.H.V., Bartlett, M., and Samjoo, I.A. (2025). 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