{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T13:01:38Z","timestamp":1781182898031,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orofacial pain (OFP) includes a broad spectrum of odontogenic and non-odontogenic conditions with overlapping clinical features that often limit diagnostic accuracy, driving increasing interest in artificial intelligence (AI) as a tool to enhance diagnostic precision and support clinical decision-making. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies (2016\u20132026) applying AI to the diagnosis, classification, or prediction of OFP in adults. Eligible studies reported at least two diagnostic performance metrics and were thematically grouped into odontogenic and non-odontogenic categories, the latter including musculoskeletal, neurovascular, and neuropathic pain. Twenty studies were included. Neurovascular pain, particularly migraine, showed the most consistent and highest diagnostic performance, likely due to the greater availability of structured clinical data and standardized diagnostic criteria. Musculoskeletal pain, especially temporomandibular disorders, also demonstrated high and reproducible performance. In contrast, odontogenic pain showed lower and more heterogeneous performance, with better results mainly in imaging-based models, while signal- and behavior-based approaches were less robust. Neuropathic pain exhibited moderate to high performance in selected radiomics studies, but overall results remained inconsistent due to phenotypic variability and limited objective biomarkers. Currently, AI shows promising potential in OFP diagnosis, especially for neurovascular and musculoskeletal pain, but clinical translation is limited by data heterogeneity and lack of validation. Progress in clinical practice depends on multimodal datasets and multicenter studies to ensure robust, generalizable tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16121801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T12:14:58Z","timestamp":1781180098000},"page":"1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in Orofacial Pain: Diagnostic and Predictive Performance Across Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8372-4247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Iosif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010232 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Imre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010232 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Gabriela","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010232 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9973-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Cristina","family":"\u021a\u00e2ncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010232 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Cristiana","family":"Didilescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-9116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik Simon","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), VU University of Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andra-Ana-Maria","family":"C\u00eempean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17\u201323 Calea Plevnei, District 5, 010221 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Ilinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4\u20136 Eforie Street, 050037 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian Toma","family":"Ciocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Dental Prosthesis Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street, No. 37, District 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad Gabriel","family":"Vasilescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Dental Prosthesis Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street, No. 37, District 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Orofacial and Head Pain: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews","volume":"38","author":"Porporatti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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