{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:12:58Z","timestamp":1790280778689,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate disease diagnostics increasingly integrate PSA-derived parameters, molecular assays, risk calculators, and multiparametric MRI, yet important limitations remain in distinguishing benign inflammatory changes from clinically significant prostate cancer and in capturing biological heterogeneity. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on inflammatory and epigenetic biomarkers in prostate disease, focusing on YKL-40, mannose-binding lectin, and global DNA methylation\/hydroxymethylation. The reviewed evidence indicates that chronic inflammation, innate immune variability, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and epigenetic dysregulation contribute to prostate disease progression and may provide biological information not fully reflected by conventional diagnostic tools. YKL-40 may reflect inflammatory stromal remodeling and angiogenic activity, mannose-binding lectin may represent innate immune variability, while DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation may indicate systemic molecular adaptation and long-term inflammatory imprinting. However, these biomarkers remain largely investigational and should currently be considered adjunctive biological layers rather than validated standalone diagnostic tools. Future studies should prioritize analytical standardization, prospective prostate-specific validation, and assessment of incremental clinical utility beyond PSA, molecular assays, and mpMRI within clearly defined contexts of use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16121865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T09:06:52Z","timestamp":1781600812000},"page":"1865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inflammatory and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Prostate Disease: Current Evidence, Clinical Limitations, and Future Multimarker Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9542-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imola","family":"Donath-Miklos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University from Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1192-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romana Olivia","family":"Pope\u021biu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University from Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4374-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Silviu","family":"Cri\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University from Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Alexandra","family":"Vulciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University from Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"\u0218tirbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University from Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7790-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana Andra","family":"Coman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, MedLife Humanitas Hospital, Frunzi\u0219ului Street 77, 400664 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Fundamental Discipline, Anatomy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babe\u0219 Street 8, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Avram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University from Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Medical Analyses, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. 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