{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:01:05Z","timestamp":1788282065492,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: While satisfactory glycaemic control is possible with specialist care from a diabetologist and modern therapies, women with type 1 diabetes are still subject to poorer obstetric outcomes, even with optimal management. Methods: The analysis comprised a cohort of 55 pregnant patients with type 1 diabetes who attended the Diabetology Outpatient Clinic between 2018 and 2023; all were recruited no later than the first trimester. Qualified patients underwent medical interviews and physical examinations. Insulin pump, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system, and postpartum data were collected. Results: The median glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at the beginning of pregnancy was 6.1%, with means of 5.9% and 6.0% in the following trimesters. Only 1\/3 of the women achieved the recommended HbA1c value throughout pregnancy. The average\/median time in range (TIR) in each trimester was \u226470%. Among the women who achieved the recommended TIR target, the infants tended to have lower birth weights but a higher likelihood of jaundice. Almost half of the newborns were large for gestational age (LGA), and a third were macrosomic. The strongest predictor of LGA was a mean blood glucose level &gt; 124 mg\/dL in the third trimester, which increased the risk of LGA by almost 12 times. Conclusions: Good diabetes control does not prevent LGA\/macrosomia. TIR appears to be a better predictor of obstetric complications, including LGA. A mean glucose level \u2265 124 mg\/dL in the third trimester greatly increases the risk of LGA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16121900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:18:43Z","timestamp":1781860723000},"page":"1900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of HbA1c and Time in Range in the Prediction of Large for Gestational Age in Pregnancies Involving Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-0063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Rutkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Centralny Szpital Kliniczny, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Czarnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Centralny Szpital Kliniczny, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Cypryk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Centralny Szpital Kliniczny, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ACOG Practice Bulletin (2018). Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists Number 201: Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet. 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