{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:59:11Z","timestamp":1785416351341,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22K12861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K12861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dqf9946","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Peripheral nerve ultrasound is used to evaluate nerve enlargement in immune-mediated neuropathies; however, assessment can be challenging because the distribution and severity of nerve enlargement vary among patients and are often accompanied by indistinct nerve boundaries and heterogeneous echogenicity. Although deep learning-based segmentation has been reported, most studies have focused on limited regions or single anatomical sites, primarily in compressive neuropathies. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of temporal deep learning-based segmentation for assessing diffuse or focal nerve enlargement in immune-mediated neuropathies using continuous ultrasound scans. Methods: Twenty-five healthy participants and five patients with immune-mediated neuropathy and nerve enlargement were included. Continuous ultrasound scanning from the wrist to below the elbow was performed. A static DeepLabV3+ model and temporal models incorporating convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) or Temporal Mamba were constructed and compared. Results: In healthy participants, segmentation performance was comparable across models. In contrast, in patients with nerve enlargement, temporal models demonstrated higher Dice coefficients and reduced frame-to-frame variability. The ConvLSTM-based model showed the highest performance, with mean Dice coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.92. Conclusions: Temporal deep learning showed potential for nerve segmentation in selected cases with nerve enlargement associated with immune-mediated neuropathies. Temporal models achieved improved segmentation performance and reduced frame-to-frame variability in these preliminary cases. This approach may facilitate more consistent quantitative ultrasound evaluation and warrants further validation in larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16121934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:13:37Z","timestamp":1782195217000},"page":"1934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated Segmentation of Diffuse and Multifocal Nerve Enlargement in Immune-Mediated Neuropathy Using Temporal Deep Learning on Continuous Ultrasound Scans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Miho","family":"Akaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Information Applied Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Information Applied Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai","family":"Otani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Natsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Kanouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Science Tokyo, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Sumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Information Applied Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12182","article-title":"High resolution sonography in the evaluation of the peripheral nervous system in polyneuropathy: A review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Goedee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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