{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:32:58Z","timestamp":1792607578579,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002642","name":"Korea University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2327211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2327211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["K2327211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2327211"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047dqcg40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00353205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00353205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00353205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00353205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003640","name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-KH129263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-KH129263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003640","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2022-KH129263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-KH129263"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024w0ge69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer is a common malignancy with high recurrence rates and significant morbidity, necessitating accurate diagnostic and prognostic tools. Although cystoscopy and transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) remain reference standards, these approaches are invasive and limited by sampling errors and understaging. Consequently, there is growing interest in non-invasive biomarkers, including urine-based assays, blood-based markers, and imaging-derived parameters. Among these biomarkers, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), particularly with the Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS), has emerged as a robust non-invasive imaging biomarker for local staging and risk stratification. Recent evidence suggests that mpMRI plays a role in predicting treatment response and recurrence, particularly in the context of neoadjuvant therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in bladder cancer, with a particular emphasis on imaging biomarkers. We discuss their clinical utility, limitations, and future integration into multimodal decision-making frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16131948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"1948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnostic and Prognostic Non-Invasive Markers in Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3344-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki Choon","family":"Sim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5025-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deuk Jae","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7289-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beom Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8537-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na Yeon","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3922-9326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeo Eun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4609-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Ha","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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