{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:17:10Z","timestamp":1785421030251,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Faisal University","award":["KFU263438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU263438"]}]},{"award":["KFU263438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU263438"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dn43547","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of vertical growth patterns and mandibular morphology, alongside the anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI), for classifying skeletal malocclusions in a Saudi adult population using cephalometric analysis. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional discriminatory performance study analyzed 162 archived lateral cephalometric radiographs of Saudi adults aged 18\u201344 years. The assessed variables included Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), gonial angle, ANB angle, and APDI. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics, ANOVA with post hoc testing, Pearson correlation, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Significant differences among skeletal classes were observed for all evaluated variables (p &lt; 0.05). APDI showed the largest effect size and the highest diagnostic performance, particularly for Class III malocclusion, with excellent discriminatory ability reflected by area under the curve (AUC) values, high sensitivity, and acceptable specificity at optimal cutoff points. FMA showed moderate discriminatory performance, with higher specificity but limited sensitivity, while the gonial angle exhibited comparatively weaker diagnostic performance. In logistic regression analysis, APDI was the only significant independent associated variable of Class II malocclusion. Conclusions: Within the ANB-based classification framework used in this study, APDI showed the highest discriminatory performance for skeletal malocclusion classification, supporting its role as a primary sagittal indicator. FMA contributed adjunctive information on vertical skeletal pattern, while the gonial angle showed limited diagnostic value. Combined assessment of sagittal and vertical parameters may improve cephalometric diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16131977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1782391075000},"page":"1977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of Vertical and Sagittal Cephalometric Parameters in Differentiating Skeletal Malocclusion in Saudi Adults: A Cephalometric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Hamidaddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guna Shekhar","family":"Madiraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5802-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faris Yahya I.","family":"Asiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salem Abdulrahman","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulelah Abdulrahman","family":"Alfalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatim D.","family":"Alqurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Henry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotu\u0142a, J., Kuc, A., Lis, J., Kawala, B., and Sarul, M. 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