{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:19:37Z","timestamp":1785435577731,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006701","name":"Umm Al-Qura University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26UQU4310470GSSR02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26UQU4310470GSSR02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["26UQU4310470GSSR02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26UQU4310470GSSR02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xjqrm90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The co-circulation of respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza A\/B, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), represents a significant global health challenge that requires rapid, accurate, and differential diagnosis to support infection control and appropriate clinical decision-making. This narrative review summarizes emerging multimodal point-of-care testing (POCT) strategies for the detection and management of these respiratory viruses. Relevant studies were identified through literature searches of major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on recent advances in molecular diagnostics, biosensors, microfluidics, and digital health technologies. To improve clinical interpretation and comparative assessment, current POCT platforms were organized into four operational tiers based on infrastructure dependence, degree of portability, and level of decentralization of testing. Tier 1 (Professional Clinical Systems) includes fully integrated automated molecular diagnostic platforms designed for use in hospital and emergency care settings. Tier 2 (Field-Deployable Systems) comprises portable molecular and isothermal amplification technologies designed for use in decentralized or resource-limited environments. Tier 3 (Hardware-Lite Assays) includes simplified diagnostic approaches that minimize instrument requirements and are suitable for near-patient or low-infrastructure settings. Tier 4 (Consumer-Digital Diagnostics) encompasses emerging smartphone- and IoT-integrated diagnostic platforms that support user-driven testing and digital health connectivity. This tier-based framework reflects a proposed stratification of POCT technologies along a decentralization continuum and aims to facilitate comparison and selection of diagnostic strategies across diverse healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16132048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:56:55Z","timestamp":1782838615000},"page":"2048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Multimodal Point-of-Care Diagnostic Strategies for Rapid Detection and Management of Respiratory Viruses: A State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Haseeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salwa Qasim","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8963-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zinab","family":"Alatawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7140-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad J.","family":"Mahrous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud E.","family":"Elrggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Al Qunfudah Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfudhah 28821, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Al","family":"Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19111, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3368-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Kotb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mboumba Bouassa, R.S., Lukumbisa, S., and Belec, L. 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