{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:27:31Z","timestamp":1791415651195,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TTK23031382174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK23031382174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TTK240514218547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK240514218547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["TTK23031382174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK23031382174"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05s0g1g46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TTK240514218547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK240514218547"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05s0g1g46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008227","name":"University of South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048cwvf49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early detection of lung cancer remains challenging due to the extremely low concentrations of disease-specific biomarkers, which limit the development of highly sensitive and reliable point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic devices. Electrochemical biosensors integrating graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as promising platforms for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of lung cancer biomarkers, enabling more timely diagnosis. Biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin-19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and circulating tumour DNA are increasingly investigated for PoC applications since they can be detected in various biological fluids associated with lung cancer. Nanocomposite materials, particularly GO\/AuNP hybrids, provide synergistic advantages by combining the large surface area and abundant functional groups of GO for stable immobilization of biorecognition elements with the excellent conductivity and bioconjugation capability of AuNPs that enhance signal transduction. This review critically discusses key biomarker targets for lung cancer, the properties of GO and Au in biosensing, and the role of AuNP\/GO nanocomposites in improving biosensor performance. It further examines the application of electrochemical biosensors for lung cancer biomarker detection, highlighting recent developments. Additionally, the review outlines current challenges limiting clinical translation and PoC implementation, provides recommendations to address these barriers, and discusses future perspectives for improving the detection of low-abundance biomarkers for early lung cancer diagnosis. Ultimately, these technologies seem promising for the development of rapid diagnostic tools equivalent to established platforms such as lateral-flow immunoassays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16142179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:55:21Z","timestamp":1783990521000},"page":"2179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Graphene Oxide (GO) and Gold Nanoparticles (AuNP) Facilitated Electrochemical Biosensing for Lung Cancer Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6305-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rekerayi","family":"Chibagidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Campus, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3178-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palesa Pamela","family":"Seele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Platform, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, Johannesburg 2025, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Innovation\/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, Johannesburg 2025, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7807-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentine","family":"Saasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Campus, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2025.109627","article-title":"Assessing the African Burden of Breast Cancer: A Demographic Analysis Using Global Cancer Observatory 2022","volume":"51","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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