{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:02:50Z","timestamp":1784552570685,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Psychiatric inpatients may be vulnerable to head trauma; however, associations among psychiatric diagnosis, trauma mechanisms, and acute trauma-related neuroimaging findings among patients requiring neurosurgical consultation remain unclear. Methods: This retrospective observational study included psychiatric inpatients referred for neurosurgical consultation after head trauma at a tertiary neuropsychiatric specialty hospital between July 2022 and December 2025. Psychiatric diagnoses were grouped into psychotic, mood, substance use, organic\/symptomatic, and other disorders. Trauma mechanisms were classified as falls, self-harm, assault\/fight-related injuries, and other trauma types. Radiological findings were classified as trauma-related abnormalities or secondary incidental findings, including age-related changes. Associations were evaluated using chi-square tests, with false discovery rate correction applied to global and binary comparisons. Exploratory multivariable regression models were used as sensitivity analyses. Results: The cohort comprised 461 psychiatric inpatients who sustained head trauma, underwent radiological imaging, and were referred for neurosurgical consultation. Trauma mechanisms differed significantly across psychiatric diagnostic groups (\u03c72 = 30.89, p = 0.002). Falls were the most common mechanism (189\/461, 41.0%). Assault\/fight-related trauma showed the clearest diagnosis-associated pattern (\u03c72 = 19.72, p &lt; 0.001, Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V = 0.207) and remained the only significant binary outcome after false discovery rate correction. Acute trauma-related imaging findings were observed in 35 patients (7.6%) and were not associated with psychiatric diagnosis (\u03c72 = 6.16, p = 0.187). Calcifications were the most frequent imaging finding (191\/461, 41.4%). Conclusions: In psychiatric inpatients, while head trauma patterns and neuroimaging findings have the potential to be explained by psychiatric diagnoses, they may also reflect unmeasured behavioral and clinical factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16142265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:00:17Z","timestamp":1784548817000},"page":"2265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Head Trauma Mechanisms and Neuroimaging Findings in Psychiatric Inpatients Referred for Neurosurgical Consultation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7681-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilhan","family":"Aydin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, 34147 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efecan","family":"Cekic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5970-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berkay","family":"Kef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Biruni University Hospital, 34295 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0119-2229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asya","family":"Gokceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, 34147 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egemen","family":"Gok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhun Mete","family":"Cevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, 34147 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Istanbul Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, 34147 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melih","family":"Ucer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Biruni University Hospital, 34295 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7560-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozden Erhan","family":"Sofuoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, 34147 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceyhan","family":"Oflezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, 34147 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erhan","family":"Emel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, 34147 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9782-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murad","family":"Asilturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medicana Atak\u00f6y Hospital, 34158 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahin","family":"Hanalioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.203129","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuropsychiatric Complications","volume":"39","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. 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